名称	Singleton
结构
意图	保证一个类仅有一个实例，并提供一个访问它的全局访问点。
适用性	当类只能有一个实例而且客户可以从一个众所周知的访问点访问它时。 当这个唯一实例应该是通过子类化可扩展的，并且客户应该无需更改代码就能使用一个扩展的实例时。

namespace Singleton_DesignPattern
{
    using System;

    class Singleton 
    {
        private static Singleton _instance;
        
        public static Singleton Instance()
        {
            if (_instance == null)
                _instance = new Singleton();
            return _instance;
        }
        protected Singleton(){}

        // Just to prove only a single instance exists
        private int x = 0;
        public void SetX(int newVal) {x = newVal;}
        public int GetX(){return x;}        
    }

    /**//// <summary>
    ///    Summary description for Client.
    /// </summary>
    public class Client
    {
        public static int Main(string[] args)
        {
            int val;
            // can't call new, because constructor is protected
            Singleton FirstSingleton = Singleton.Instance(); 
            Singleton SecondSingleton = Singleton.Instance();

            // Now we have two variables, but both should refer to the same object
            // Let's prove this, by setting a value using one variable, and 
            // (hopefully!) retrieving the same value using the second variable
            FirstSingleton.SetX(4);
            Console.WriteLine("Using first variable for singleton, set x to 4");        

            val = SecondSingleton.GetX();
            Console.WriteLine("Using second variable for singleton, value retrieved = {0}", val);        
            return 0;
        }
    }
}

Implementing the Singleton Pattern in C#

The singleton pattern is one of the best-known patterns in software engineering. Essentially, a singleton is a class which only allows a single instance of itself to be created, and usually gives simple access to that instance. Most commonly, singletons don't allow any parameters to be specified when creating the instance - as otherwise a second request for an instance but with a different parameter could be problematic! (If the same instance should be accessed for all requests with the same parameter, the factory pattern is more appropriate.) This article deals only with the situation where no parameters are required. Typically a requirement of singletons is that they are created lazily - i.e. that the instance isn't created until it is first needed.

There are various different ways of implementing the singleton pattern in C#. I shall present them here in reverse order of elegance, starting with the most commonly seen, which is not thread-safe, and working up to a fully lazily-loaded, thread-safe, simple and highly performant version. Note that in the code here, I omit the private modifier, as it is the default for class members. In many other languages such as Java, there is a different default, and private should be used.

All these implementations share four common characteristics, however:

• A single constructor, which is private and parameterless. This prevents other classes from instantiating it (which would be a violation of the pattern). Note that it also prevents subclassing - if a singleton can be subclassed once, it can be subclassed twice, and if each of those subclasses can create an instance, the pattern is violated. The factory pattern can be used if you need a single instance of a base type, but the exact type isn't known until runtime.
• The class is sealed. This is unnecessary, strictly speaking, due to the above point, but may help the JIT to optimise things more.
• A static variable which holds a reference to the single created instance, if any.
• A public static means of getting the reference to the single created instance, creating one if necessary.

Note that all of these implementations also use a public static property Instance as the means of accessing the instance. In all cases, the property could easily be converted to a method, with no impact on thread-safety or performance.

First version - not thread-safe

// Bad code! Do not use!
public sealed class Singleton
{
    static Singleton instance=null;

    Singleton()
    {
    }

    public static Singleton Instance
    {
        get
        {
            if (instance==null)
            {
                instance = new Singleton();
            }
            return instance;
        }
    }
}

As hinted at before, the above is not thread-safe. Two different threads could both have evaluated the test if (instance==null) and found it to be true, then both create instances, which violates the singleton pattern. Note that in fact the instance may already have been created before the expression is evaluated, but the memory model doesn't guarantee that the new value of instance will be seen by other threads unless suitable memory barriers have been passed.

Second version - simple thread-safety

publicsealedclass Singleton
{
    static Singleton instance=null;
    staticreadonlyobject padlock = newobject();

    Singleton()
    {
    }

    publicstatic Singleton Instance
    {
        get
        {
            lock (padlock)
            {
                if (instance==null)
                {
                    instance = new Singleton();
                }
                return instance;
            }
        }
    }
}

This implementation is thread-safe. The thread takes out a lock on a shared object, and then checks whether or not the instance has been created before creating the instance. This takes care of the memory barrier issue (as locking makes sure that all reads occur logically after the lock acquire, and unlocking makes sure that all writes occur logically before the lock release) and ensures that only one thread will create an instance (as only one thread can be in that part of the code at a time - by the time the second thread enters it,the first thread will have created the instance, so the expression will evaluate to false). Unfortunately, performance suffers as a lock is acquired every time the instance is requested.

Note that instead of locking on typeof(Singleton) as some versions of this implementation do, I lock on the value of a static variable which is private to the class. Locking on objects which other classes can access and lock on (such as the type) risks performance issues and even deadlocks. This is a general style preference of mine - wherever possible, only lock on objects specifically created for the purpose of locking, or which document that they are to be locked on for specific purposes (e.g. for waiting/pulsing a queue). Usually such objects should be private to the class they are used in. This helps to make writing thread-safe applications significantly easier.

Third version - attempted thread-safety using double-check locking

// Bad code! Do not use!
public sealed class Singleton
{
    static Singleton instance=null;
    static readonly object padlock = new object();

    Singleton()
    {
    }

    public static Singleton Instance
    {
        get
        {
            if (instance==null)
            {
                lock (padlock)
                {
                    if (instance==null)
                    {
                        instance = new Singleton();
                    }
                }
            }
            return instance;
        }
    }
}

This implementation attempts to be thread-safe without the necessity of taking out a lock every time. Unfortunately, there are four downsides to the pattern:

• It doesn't work in Java. This may seem an odd thing to comment on, but it's worth knowing if you ever need the singleton pattern in Java, and C# programmers may well also be Java programmers. The Java memory model doesn't ensure that the constructor completes before the reference to the new object is assigned to instance. The Java memory model is going through a reworking for version 1.5, but double-check locking is anticipated to still be broken after this. (Note to self: Java 1.5 has been out for a while - I need to check what the memory model changes are...)
• Without any memory barriers, it's broken in .NET too. Making the instance variable volatile can make it work, as would explicit memory barrier calls, although in the latter case even experts can't agree exactly which barriers are required. I tend to try to avoid situations where experts don't agree what's right and what's wrong!
• It's easy to get wrong. The pattern needs to be pretty much exactly as above - any significant changes are likely to impact either performance or correctness.
• It still doesn't perform as well as the later implementations.

Fourth version - not quite as lazy, but thread-safe without using locks

public sealed class Singleton
{
    static readonly Singleton instance=new Singleton();

    // Explicit static constructor to tell C# compiler// not to mark type as beforefieldinit
    static Singleton()
    {
    }

    Singleton()
    {
    }

    publicstatic Singleton Instance
    {
        get
        {
            return instance;
        }
    }
}

As you can see, this is really is extremely simple - but why is it thread-safe and how lazy is it? Well, static constructors in C# are specified to execute only when an instance of the class is created or a static member is referenced, and to execute only once per AppDomain. Given that this check for the type being newly constructed needs to be executed whatever else happens, it will be faster than adding extra checking as in the previous examples. There are a couple of wrinkles, however:

• It's not as lazy as the other implementations. In particular, if you have static members other than GetInstance, the first reference to those members will involve creating the instance. This is corrected in the next implementation.
• There are complications if one static constructor invokes another which invokes the first again. Look in the .NET specifications (currently section 9.5.3 of partition II) for more details about the exact nature of type initializers - they're unlikely to bite you, but it's worth being aware of the consequences of static constructors which refer to each other in a cycle.
• The laziness of type initializers is only guaranteed by .NET when the type isn't marked with a special flag called beforefieldinit. Unfortunately, the C# compiler (as provided in the .NET 1.1 runtime, at least) marks all types which don't have a static constructor (i.e. a block which looks like a constructor but is marked static) as beforefieldinit. I now have a discussion page with more details about this issue. Also note that it affects performance, as discussed near the bottom of this article.

One shortcut you can take with this implementation (and only this one) is to just make instance a public static readonly variable, and get rid of the property entirely. This makes the basic skeleton code absolutely tiny! Many people, however, prefer to have a property in case further action is needed in future, and JIT inlining is likely to make the performance identical. (Note that the static constructor itself is still required if you require laziness.)

Fifth version - fully lazy instantiation

public sealed class Singleton
{
    Singleton()
    {
    }

    public static Singleton Instance
    {
        get
        {
            return Nested.instance;
        }
    }
    
    class Nested
    {
        // Explicit static constructor to tell C# compiler// not to mark type as beforefieldinit
        static Nested()
        {
        }

        internal static readonly Singleton instance = new Singleton();
    }
}

Here, instantiation is triggered by the first reference to the static member of the nested class, which only occurs in GetInstance. This means the implementation is fully lazy, but has all the performance benefits of the previous ones. Note that although nested classes have access to the enclosing class's private members, the reverse is not true, hence the need for instance to be internal here. That doesn't raise any other problems, though, as the class itself is private. The code is a bit more complicated in order to make the instantiation lazy, however.

Performance vs laziness

In many cases, you won't actually require full laziness - unless your class initialization does something particularly time-consuming, or has some side-effect elsewhere, it's probably fine to leave out the explicit static constructor shown above. This can increase performance as it allows the JIT compiler to make a single check (for instance at the start of a method) to ensure that the type has been initialized, and then assume it from then on. If your singleton instance is referenced within a relatively tight loop, this can make a (relatively) significant performance difference. You should decide whether or not fully lazy instantiation is required, and document this decision appropriately within the class. (See below for more on performance, however.)

Exceptions

Sometimes, you need to do work in a singleton constructor which may throw an exception, but might not be fatal to the whole application. Potentially, your application may be able to fix the problem and want to try again. Using type initializers to construct the singleton becomes problematic at this stage. Different runtimes handle this case differently, but I don't know of any which do the desired thing (running the type initializer again), and even if one did, your code would be broken on other runtimes. To avoid these problems, I'd suggest using the second pattern listed on the page - just use a simple lock, and go through the check each time, building the instance in the method/property if it hasn't already been successfully built.

Thanks to Andriy Tereshchenko for raising this issue.

A word on performance

A lot of the reason for this page stemmed from people trying to be clever, and thus coming up with the double-checked locking algorithm. There is an attitude of locking being expensive which is common and misguided. I've written a very quick benchmark which just acquires singleton instances in a loop a billion ways, trying different variants. It's not terribly scientific, because in real life you may want to know how fast it is if each iteration actually involved a call into a method fetching the singleton, etc. However, it does show an important point. On my laptop, the slowest solution (by a factor of about 5) is the locking one (solution 2). Is that important? Probably not, when you bear in mind that it still managed to acquire the singleton a billion times in under 40 seconds. That means that if you're "only" acquiring the singleton four hundred thousand times per second, the cost of the acquisition is going to be 1% of the performance - so improving it isn't going to do a lot. Now, if you are acquiring the singleton that often - isn't it likely you're using it within a loop? If you care that much about improving the performance a little bit, why not declare a local variable outside the loop, acquire the singleton once and then loop. Bingo, even the slowest implementation becomes easily adequate.

I would be very interested to see a real world application where the difference between using simple locking and using one of the faster solutions actually made a significant performance difference.

Conclusion (modified slightly on January 7th 2006)

There are various different ways of implementing the singleton pattern in C#. A reader has written to me detailing a way he has encapsulated the synchronization aspect, which while I acknowledge may be useful in a few very particular situations (specifically where you want very high performance, and the ability to determine whether or not the singleton has been created, and full laziness regardless of other static members being called). I don't personally see that situation coming up often enough to merit going further with on this page, but please mail me if you're in that situation.

My personal preference is for solution 4: the only time I would normally go away from it is if I needed to be able to call other static methods without triggering initialization, or if I needed to know whether or not the singleton has already been instantiated. I don't remember the last time I was in that situation, assuming I even have. In that case, I'd probably go for solution 2, which is still nice and easy to get right.

Solution 5 is elegant, but trickier than 2 or 4, and as I said above, the benefits it provides seem to only be rarely useful.

(I wouldn't use solution 1 because it's broken, and I wouldn't use solution 3 because it has no benefits over 5.)

C#面向对象设计模式纵横谈(2)：Singleton 单件(创建型模式) ---Level 300
活动日期： 2005-10-25 14:30 -- 16:00
主讲：李建忠

________________________________________

Q：使用静态的计数器一样可以在单线程中实现只实例化一个对象的目的啊

A：这个应该是不能的，因为静态计数器的作用和if (instance == null) 是一样的，在多线程环境中都会有问题的。

________________________________________

Q：多线成中的lock可以lock(this)吗?

A：因为是在静态属性中，所以不能访问this指针。

________________________________________

Q：为什么双检查?

A：单检查也是可以的，但是单检查的效率要比双检查低——因为同步控制的时间太长了。双检查能够最高效地实现多线程安全的访问。

________________________________________

Q：为什么一定要加readonly关键字？

A：这个readonly关键字只是不希望客户程序将Instance字段设置为null等不合理的值。

________________________________________

Q：remoting里面的Singleton对象应该是使用了Singleton模式吧

A：是的，.NET Remoting中的服务器对象激活中就使用了Singleton模式

________________________________________

Q：怎样获得类已经构造的实例的个数？

A：可以在实例构造器中放一个静态的字段，来表示计数器——在实例构造器中每次做count++即可。

________________________________________

Q：怎样区分各个模式，学了很久，总是搞不清楚他们之间的区别，经常性的搞混

A：区分模式的最好办法是搞清楚为什么有这些模式，各个模式分别应对什么样的变化。

________________________________________

Q：当好一个程序员必须要学好设计模式吗？它在代码编写过程中有什么好处？怎样可以学好设计模式？

A：不一定，我了解的某些天才程序员对设计模式并不感兴趣——主要是因为他们首先不是面向对象程序员J但是学好设计模式对于一个面向对象程序员有莫大帮助。学好设计模式的关键是深刻理解面向对象。

________________________________________

Q：lock 对于singleton本身的类使用与使用 helper有什么区别？

A：本质上没什么区别，但是别忘了这时候Singleton对象还没有创建J所以这时候不可能lock一个Singleton对象。

________________________________________

Q：我有一个疑问，在singleton设计模式下，什么时候，由谁来创建这个实例呢？

A：Singleton模式中的“缓式加载”已经说明了Singleton的实例是在客户程序第一次调用GetInstance方法时才会被创建。

________________________________________

Q：我大致的翻过设计模式这本书，我想请教下您，您认为在设计一个很好的面向对象的软件与程序语言的选择（比如C#，C++，JAVA）二者之间怎么做到最好的搭配

A：我个人认为这三门语言都是很好的面向对象语言，都能很充分地发挥面向对象的力量。在面向对象层次上，它们的差别并不大。

________________________________________

Q：在多线程环境中，使用Static实例化一个对象后，那么它的实例的方法是否可以保证执行时不致冲突？

A：实例方法在多线程环境中无所谓冲突，关键是实例方法操作的实例数据——如果有的话——有可能冲突。