朱丽安娜科普克(出生于1954年10月10日)，婚后名字朱丽安娜迪拉，是一个德国-秘鲁哺乳动物学家。她是1971年兰萨508航班空难的唯一幸存者，空难发生后独自一人在亚马逊热带雨林生活了11天。他从3000米(9843英尺)坠落，落地时仍然被安全带捆在座椅上。

事前

朱丽安娜于1954年出生于秘鲁利马，父母都是在利马自然历史博物馆工作的德国人。她是生物学家汉斯威廉科普克和鸟类学家玛丽亚科普克的唯一孩子。在朱丽安娜14岁时，其父母带她去亚马逊雨林建造研究基地--潘古那。在这里她成了一个“丛林孩子”，学了野外生存技能。教育当局不同意这样做，要求朱莉安娜回到利马亚历山大冯洪堡德意志学校参加考试。她于1971年12月23日在此校毕业。

空难

朱丽安娜科普克在经历磨难上有双重生存故事可供讲述。在1971年圣诞节前夕，朱丽安娜搭乘了兰萨508航班。那时她刚从高中毕业，她的母亲玛丽亚本打算在1971年12月19-20日带着女儿去潘古那，但是朱丽安娜希望能在12月23日去利马参加毕业典礼。玛丽亚同意，打算圣诞节前夕再飞往潘古那，可是除了里尼思君特欧航空(兰萨)还有空余其余所有航班的席位均已售罄。尽管丈夫汉斯威廉强烈要求妻子不要乘坐那家航空公司的航班，因为该航空公司早已臭名昭著，但最终她们还是预定了机票。飞机起飞不久遭遇闪电，在空中开始解体并一头冲向地面。朱丽安娜发现自己一直被捆在座椅上，下落将近2英里最终落入秘鲁热带雨林。

在朱丽安娜科普克的此次事件上，专家指出由于在下降中她被安放到座椅上才导致她活了下来，只是断了锁骨而已。她是该航班的唯一幸存者，顺着溪流在雨林里生活了11天。

在她醒过来后丛林里的昆虫不再叮咬她，可是蛆已经感染了她的胳膊，9天后，她找到了一处露营地。在此，她给自己进行了初级治疗，例如用汽油浇到蛆感染的部位。蛆害怕汽油就离开了伤口。几个小时候后，运木工人发现了她，给与基本医疗并把她带到更宜居的区域，然后她被空运到医院。

伤口恢复后，朱丽安娜帮助搜救队定位失事地点和搜救死难者尸体。她妈妈的尸体于1972年1月12日被发现。朱丽安娜回到德国后伤口完全恢复了正常。跟父母类似，朱丽安娜获得生物学学位后返回秘鲁继续深入研究蝙蝠。她的双重生存故事成了书和电影的主体，其中包括了她的自传和他传，“当我从天而降”，以及导演沃纳赫尔佐格的纪录片“翅膀上的希望”。他(沃纳赫尔佐格)在1971年也预定了她(朱丽安娜)的那次航班，飞机起飞前最后一分钟改变计划，从而躲过一劫。

事后

朱丽安娜的侥幸存活成了各种瞎猜推断的主题。"很明显她被安全带捆在座椅上有了某种程度的盾牌和缓冲，而且理论上外围整排的座椅，就是朱丽安娜两边的那些，起到了降落伞的作用，减缓了她下落的速度..."。“风暴漂移以及落地点厚厚的枝叶可以进一步降低里冲击力...”。

朱丽安娜回到德国彻底康复过来，走了父母一样的路，在基尔大学学习生物，1980年毕业。在慕尼黑麦克西米兰大学获得博士学位后返回到秘鲁展开哺乳动物研究，专注于蝙蝠，在1987年发表论文，“秘鲁热带雨林里一个蝙蝠生物王国的研究”。1989年朱莉安娜科普克和一个专注于研究寄生黄蜂的昆虫学家艾力克迪拉结婚。2000年朱丽安娜接管了潘古那当上了主任，父亲去世了。

现在朱丽安娜迪拉在慕尼黑巴伐利亚动物学蒐藏研究中心当管理员。她的自传和他传”当我从天而降”(德语: Als ich vom Himmel fie)于2011年3月10日由派珀林格出版，为此她获得了2011柯琳文学奖。2019年秘鲁政府授予她高级军官的杰出服务奖。

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/io/overview/

Introduction

Jupiter's rocky moon Io is the most volcanically active world in the solar system, with hundreds of volcanoes, some erupting lava fountains dozens of miles (or kilometers) high. Io’s remarkable activity is the result of a tug-of-war between Jupiter's powerful gravity and smaller but precisely timed pulls from two neighboring moons that orbit farther from Jupiter – Europa and Ganymede.

In mythology, Io is a mortal woman transformed into a cow during a dispute between the Greek god Zeus – Jupiter in Roman mythology – and his wife, Hera – Juno to the Romans.

概要

木星的卫星艾奥是太阳系里火山活动最强烈的一个世界，有几百座火山，有些火山喷发熔岩喷泉高达几打英里(几十千米)。艾奥异常的行为是木星强大的引力和两个较小卫星之间精确定时拉锯的结果，这两颗卫星轨道距离木星较远，分别是欧罗巴和伽倪墨得斯。

在古神话里，艾奥是个女凡人被变成了牛，原因是古希腊天神宙斯--罗马神话里是朱庇特(译注:木星的音译)--和他的妻子赫拉之间产生了矛盾--罗马人称朱诺。

Size and Distance

A bit larger than Earth's Moon, Io is the third largest of Jupiter's moons, and the fifth one in distance from the planet.

大小和远近

比地球的卫星月亮稍大，是木星的第三大卫星，距地球远近上位列第五。

Orbit and Rotation

Although Io always points the same side toward Jupiter in its orbit around the giant planet, the large moons Europa and Ganymede perturb Io's orbit into an irregularly elliptical one. Thus, in its widely varying distances from Jupiter, Io is subjected to tremendous tidal forces.

These forces cause Io's surface to bulge up and down (or in and out) by as much as 330 feet (100 meters). Compare these tides on Io's solid surface to the tides on Earth's oceans. On Earth, in the place where tides are highest, the difference between low and high tides is only 60 feet (18 meters), and this is for water, not solid ground.

Io's orbit, keeping it at more or less a cozy 262,000 miles (422,000 kilometers) from Jupiter, cuts across the planet's powerful magnetic lines of force, thus turning Io into a electric generator. Io can develop 400,000 volts across itself and create an electric current of 3 million amperes. This current takes the path of least resistance along Jupiter's magnetic field lines to the planet's surface, creating lightning in Jupiter's upper atmosphere.

轨道和旋转

尽管艾奥始终一面对着木星围绕这个巨大的行星旋转，但是较大的卫星欧罗巴和伽倪墨得斯干扰了艾奥的轨道导致形成了不规则的椭圆形。这样以来，在和木星广远的间距变换中，艾奥受到巨大的潮汐力。

这些力导致艾奥表面忽起忽落(或者进和出)高达330英尺(100米)。对比一下艾奥固态表面的潮汐和地球上海洋的潮汐。在地球上，最高潮汐的地方，高低潮落差不过60英尺(18米)，而且还是水，不是固态的陆地。

艾奥的轨道，使之处于或多或少距离木星262000英里(422000千米) 一个温馨距离，切割这个行星强大的磁力线[译注：木星的磁场是太阳系里最强的，比地球磁场强几十倍，形成原因目前不特别清楚]，致使艾奥成了一个发电机。艾奥自身能产生40万伏的电压，产生3百万安的电流。这些电流沿着木星磁力线流经木星低阻抗表面，在木星高层大气产生闪电。

Surface

The tidal forces generate a tremendous amount of heat within Io, keeping much of its subsurface crust in liquid form seeking any available escape route to the surface to relieve the pressure. Thus, the surface of Io is constantly renewing itself, filling in any impact craters with molten lava lakes and spreading smooth new floodplains of liquid rock. The composition of this material is not yet entirely clear, but theories suggest that it is largely molten sulfur and its compounds (which would account for the varied coloring) or silicate rock (which would better account for the apparent temperatures, which may be too hot to be sulfur). Sulfur dioxide is the primary constituent of a thin atmosphere on Io. It has no water to speak of, unlike the other, colder Galilean moons. Data from the Galileo spacecraft indicates that an iron core may form Io's center, thus giving Io its own magnetic field.

表面

潮汐力在艾奥内部产生巨大的热量，导致它表面下的地壳成为液态，寻找任何到达表面的逃离路径释放压力。这样以来，艾奥表面会得到持续的更新，用岩浆填充任何陨石坑而且会产生光滑的液态熔岩洪泛平原。地质具体成分不太清楚，但理论假说认为大部分是熔化的硫磺及其硫化物(较好的解释了表面不同的颜色构成)或硅酸盐石头(较好的解释了显而易见的表面温度，都硫磺就太热了)。艾奥稀薄的大气主要组分主要是二氧化硫。不得不说，艾奥表面没有水，不像其它较冷的伽利略卫星们[译注：最初古天文学家伽利略发现了一系列的木星卫星，所以后来就有了这种称呼]。伽利略太空船采集到的数据指出，艾奥中心可能存在铁核，于是就拥有了自己的磁场。

Potential for Life

Constant volcanism and intense radiation make Io an unlikely destination for life.

潜在生命

持续的火山活动和强烈的辐射使得艾奥不太可能成为生命的落脚点。

Magnetosphere

As Jupiter rotates, it takes its magnetic field around with it, sweeping past Io and stripping off about 1 ton (1,000 kilograms) of Io's material every second. This material becomes ionized in the magnetic field and forms a doughnut-shaped cloud of intense radiation referred to as a plasma torus. Some of the ions are pulled into Jupiter's atmosphere along the magnetic lines of force and create auroras in the planet's upper atmosphere. It is the ions escaping from this torus that inflate Jupiter's magnetosphere to over twice the size we would expect.

磁圈

伴随着木星自转，木星的磁场包围了艾奥，清扫艾奥，平均每秒从艾奥掠走大约1吨(1千千克)物质。这些物质在磁场里电离，形成面包圈状的离子云，具有强烈的辐射，称之为等离子圆环。一些离子沿着磁力线被拉入木星大气，在木星上空产生极光。这些逃离圆环的离子导致木星磁圈膨胀，比我们预期大小大了一倍不止。

Discovery

Io was discovered on Jan. 8, 1610 by Galileo Galilei. The discovery, along with three other Jovian moons, was the first time a moon was discovered orbiting a planet other than Earth. The discovery of the four Galilean satellites eventually led to the understanding that planets in our solar system orbit the Sun, instead of our solar system revolving around Earth. Galileo apparently had observed Io on Jan. 7, 1610, but had been unable to differentiate between Io and Europa until the next night.

Galileo originally called Jupiter's moons the Medicean planets, after the powerful Italian Medici family and referred to the individual moons numerically as I, II, III, and IV. Galileo's naming system would be used for a couple of centuries.

It wouldn't be until the mid-1800s that the names of the Galilean moons, Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, would be officially adopted, and only after it became apparent that naming moons by number would be very confusing as new additional moons were being discovered.

In mythology, Io is a mortal woman transformed into a cow during a marital dispute between the Greek god Zeus—Jupiter in Roman mythology—and his wife, Juno. NASA’s Juno mission is named in honor of Juno who could peer through the clouds and expose her husband’s wrongdoings. The spacecraft also peers through clouds to reveal Jupiter’s secrets.

发现史

艾奥在1610年元月8日被伽利略伽利雷发现。和其它三个木星的卫星一起被发现的，这是首次发现地球之外的行星拥有自己环绕的卫星。伽利略四卫星的发现最终导致人类认识到太阳系里的行星们围着太阳转，而不是太阳系围着地球转。伽利略显然于1610年元月7日就发现了艾奥，但是直到第二天晚上才能把它和欧罗巴区分开。

伽利略最初称木星的卫星为美第奇家族行星，意大利美第奇家族之后，这些独立的卫星才被命名为I, II, III和IV。伽利略命名的体系会被沿用几个世纪。

直到18世纪中期伽利略卫星的艾奥，卡利斯托，欧罗巴和伽倪墨得斯几个名字才被官方采纳，因为随着更多卫星被发现，原来以数字命名卫星的做法非常令人费解。

在古神话里，古希腊天神宙斯--罗马神话里称朱庇特--和他的妻子朱诺之间的一次婚姻矛盾导致凡人艾奥[译注：以汉语文化的视角来看，神仙宙斯有婚外情凡人艾奥]变成了牛。美国航空航天局的朱诺之旅为了向朱诺女神表达敬意特此命名，寓意是朱诺能看透云层揭露其丈夫的错误行为。该太空船也能透过云层去揭示木星的秘密。

安布雷拉公司[伞公司]的创始人，詹姆斯·马库斯博士有个女儿艾莉西亚正在早衰死亡。马库斯几乎绝望，把T病毒用于给女儿和患有该病的别人治疗。在对另一个孩子施用该病毒治疗后，患者死掉又活过来立即成了僵尸，马库斯为此企图关闭该流程。他的商业伙伴亚历山大·艾萨克斯命令阿尔伯特·威斯克处死了马斯克，自己收养了艾莉西亚并接管了该公司。

After the events in Washington D.C., Alice awakens after being betrayed by Wesker. The Red Queen appears and tells Alice she has 48 hours to infiltrate the Hive, over 400 miles west on I-64 in Raccoon City. The Umbrella Corporation has developed an airborne anti-virus, which can kill every organism infected by the T-virus, but is waiting for the last few remaining humans to be wiped out.

哥伦比亚特区华盛顿事件后，爱丽丝经历威斯克的背叛后苏醒过来。红后出现并告知爱丽丝，她必须在48小时内潜入浣熊市蜂巢，蜂巢位于向西400英里之外的浣熊市I-64区。安布雷拉公司已经开发出了能空气传播的抗病毒，会杀死所有感染了T病毒的生物，目前正等着最后遗留的少数人类被消灭。

Enroute to Raccoon City, Alice is captured by Isaacs, learning the "Isaacs" she previously killed was a clone. She escapes his convoy and reaches Raccoon City, where she is ambushed by a group of survivors: Doc, Abigail, Christian, Cobalt, Razor, and Claire Redfield, who survived the attack on Arcadia. Isaacs' convoy approaches, trailed by a horde of zombies. Alice and the group defeat the convoy, retrieve Isaacs' few human captives and burn the horde, though Cobalt is killed. Alice and crew enter the Hive entrance, at the bottom of the crater from the nuclear bomb previously dropped on the city. Wesker, in control of the Hive, releases mutated guard dogs, killing Christian and a freed captive.

在去往浣熊市的路上，爱丽丝被艾萨克斯俘虏，认识到她原来杀死的那个艾萨克斯其实是个克隆人。爱丽丝逃脱他的护卫队到达浣熊市后被一群幸存者伏击，这些幸存者有道克、艾比盖尔、克里斯托、克波特、瑞泽、克莱尔·雷德菲尔德，他们是阿卡迪亚遭到攻击后的幸存者。艾萨克斯护卫队赶往这里，尾随了一大群僵尸。爱丽丝队伍击败了护卫队，收容了艾萨克斯的几个人类俘虏，焚毁了僵尸群，但克波特在战斗中丧生。爱丽丝队伍进入蜂巢入口，入口在之前浣熊市丢核弹炸的大坑底部。威斯克控制着蜂巢，释放了变异的警卫狗，杀死了克里斯托和一个自由了的俘虏。

The Red Queen appears to Alice and explains that her program is in conflict, as she can never hurt an Umbrella employee but also must value human life. She plays a video of Isaacs explaining to Umbrella's executives a plan to release the T-virus, cleansing the world of humanity; many of the rich and powerful, including the company executives, are stored in cryogenic capsules in the Hive, with the intention of rebuilding the world following the resulting apocalypse. The Red Queen warns Alice that someone in her group is helping Umbrella.

红后出现在爱丽丝面前，解释她的程序有冲突，因为她不能伤害安布雷拉雇员而且还要衡量人类生命。红后播放了一个影碟，艾萨克斯正给安布雷拉公司管理层解释他的计划，释放T病毒清理人类世界，很多富人和当权者包括公司管理者，用低温荚膜封藏在蜂巢里，毁灭世界后再重建。红后警告爱丽丝，她的队伍里有人正在帮助爱布雷拉公司。

The group encounters several traps, killing Abigail and Razor. Alice and Doc plant bombs throughout the Hive, from the leftover equipment of the original team to investigate the Hive. Alice confronts the real, tech-upgraded, Isaacs. Doc is revealed to be Umbrella's spy, and Claire is captured by Wesker. A cryogenic capsule opens, releasing Alicia Marcus, Umbrella's co-owner, and Marcus' daughter. Isaacs reveals to Alice that she is actually a clone of Alicia, before going on to explain his plan to eliminate the pair and assume control of Umbrella. Alicia fires Wesker, allowing the Red Queen to crush his legs with a security door. Doc tries to shoot Alice, but his gun is empty — as Alice had earlier deduced his treachery — and Claire executes him. After giving Wesker a deadman's switch to the primed bombs, Alice and Claire pursue Isaacs while Alicia uploads a copy of her childhood memories.
这群人遭遇了几个陷阱，艾比盖尔和瑞泽丧生。爱丽丝和道克在整个蜂巢部署了炸弹，从原队伍的遗留设备处一直到勘察蜂巢沿路[译注：原文有错误]。爱丽丝面对真实有技术装备的艾萨克斯。道克被暴出是安布雷拉安插[在幸存者中]的间谍，克莱尔也被威斯克抓住。一个低温荚膜打开，艾丽西亚·马库斯 出现，她是公司的合伙持有人，詹姆斯·马库斯的女儿。艾萨克斯首先揭示爱丽丝是艾莉西亚的克隆人，然后解释他计划除掉合伙人艾莉西亚完全掌控爱布雷拉。艾莉西亚煽动威斯克，让红后关闭安全门夹断他的腿。道克向爱丽丝开枪，但没有子弹--爱丽丝之前推断出他是叛徒--克莱尔击毙了道克。塞给威斯克一个死人开关[译注：不按着蜂巢就炸]后，爱丽丝和克莱尔追杀艾萨克斯，此刻艾莉西亚上传她童年记忆的拷贝。

Isaacs, Alice and Claire fight; Isaacs overpowers Claire and attacks Alice in the Laser Corridor, eventually defeating her, but she uses that moment to activate a grenade in his pocket. She escapes to the surface with the anti-virus, but Isaacs reboots and catches her before she can release it. Before he can kill her, the Isaacs clone (from the convoy) arrives and kills him, believing itself to be the original Isaacs, but the clone is then devoured by the undead. Alice releases the anti-virus, killing all of the undead around her before she passes out. Wesker simultaneously drops the deadman's switch, destroying himself, Alicia, the Hive, and the hibernating Umbrella elite.

艾萨克斯对抗爱丽丝和克莱尔，艾萨克斯战胜克莱尔，并在激光走廊里攻击爱丽丝最终获胜，但爱丽丝利用该时机触发了他口袋里的手雷。爱丽丝带着抗病毒逃到地面，但艾萨克斯复活并在爱丽丝投放抗病毒前抓住了她。在艾萨克斯杀死爱丽丝前，艾萨克斯的克隆人(来自护卫队)赶到，杀死了艾莎克斯，觉得自己才是真正的艾萨克斯，但克隆人又被僵尸吞没。爱丽丝释放了抗病毒，她倒下前杀死了她周围所有的僵尸。此刻，威斯克丢下了死人开关，毁掉了自己，艾莉西亚，蜂巢，休眠中的安布雷拉精英们。

Claire wakes Alice, who survived because the anti-virus killed only the T-virus within her body, not the healthy cells. The Red Queen uploads Alicia's childhood memories into Alice, granting her a childhood. Alice travels into Manhattan, saying that the anti-virus, carried only by the winds, will take years to reach all corners of the globe, and until it does, her mission is not finished.

克莱尔唤醒了爱丽丝，爱丽丝活了下来，因为抗病毒只杀死她体内的T病毒，而非健康细胞。红后给爱丽丝加载了艾莉西亚所有的童年记忆，给她赋予了童年。爱丽丝去曼哈顿旅行，[故事]声称抗病毒被风吹到世界各角落需要多年，在此结果前，爱丽丝的任务还没结束。