序言

我是数学出身的程序员,所以在这个系列中我会讲解很多的数学模型.

再有, 这个系列是以一个完整的3D游戏为背景的.

DirectX9c SDK

的编译环境是要求Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Visual Studio .Net 2003 or 2005.

这个系列的基础知识 :

a. C/C++; 使用DirectX 的native API.

b. Windows SDK programming skill.

c. COM basic skill.

d. 几何学和高等代数

0.1 图形技术的发展

0.1.1 硬件的发展

    我们可以从图0.1了解大致的过程.

   字符显示                  基于位图的图形       覆盖图       实时视频          AGP

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->

    Multiple/Soft 字体           图形协助处理器                        简单3D               高级3D

图0.1

0.1.2 AGP的由来

    随着硬件的发展, 显示卡有了自己的内存--显示内存, 图0.2显示了当时的硬件结构.

图0.2

系统扩展总线的一边是CPU和系统内存; 另一边是GPU和显示内存. 正象它们的名字的暗示一样, 在主板上的系统内存可以很轻易的被CPU访问, 但GPU却不能自由访问, GPU只能自由访问显示内存.

如果GPU要系统内存中的数据, 必须由CPU负责从系统内存复制到显示内存,必须通过性能有限的扩展总线.

于是主板就为GPU开了专线--AGP(图0.3), AGP的作用是给GPU访问系统内存开了后门, 在CPU不必知道的情况下自由访问.

当扩展总线还是双道的普通公路时, AGP已经是8道的高速公路了.

图0.3

0.1.3 DirectX的由来

Windows图形显示操作系统在PC上有着辉煌的历史, Windows所提供的应用程序与硬件设备完全分离的特性使得程序员不必为不同的硬件在代码中加入不同的硬件依赖指令, 对于普通的应用程序这是个好想法; 但这个特性对游戏和多媒体程序员来说是个噩梦.

为把应用程序与硬件设备完全分离, 在应用程序与硬件设备之间添加了N层的隔离, 你只能调用最上层的命令, 让最上层再依次调用它相邻的层, 这样一层一层往下调用, 到最下层后再通知硬件设备的驱动层, 驱动层才命令硬件设备为你的调用服务.

------ 近在眼前但似远在天边...

图0.4为图形显示的层次调用

图0.4

于是又一专线来了--DirectX, 它是Windows系统下的游戏和多媒体专线, 如图0.5为图形显示DirectX Graphics

图0.5

DirectX Graphics的工作很简单, 如果硬件设备提供相应的硬件加速功能, 那就用硬件加速; 如果没有相应的硬件加速功能, 那就软件模拟; 之后就通知硬件设备的驱动层.

0.1.4 DirectX的Directness原理

a. 最快速    --- 同硬件厂商合作实现特定的硬件功能.

b. 最短延迟  --- 达到子弹打到你时就能听到你的惨叫, 不会象恐龙一样N秒后才怪叫.

c. 底层接口  --- 提供最基本的功能, 同样的游戏在不同创造性和革命性的程序员手里出来有本质的差别;

                 你能作出魔兽的效果吗? 为什么我们就不能呢?

0.2 DirectX

0.2.1 DirectX Components

前面废话了很多, 现在我们要结束跑题了. 我们首先来看看DirectX的组成模块,

a. DirectX Graphics   --- 图形模块

b. DirectX Input      --- 输入/控制模块

c. DirectX Audio      --- 音效模块

d. DirectMusic        --- capture and play sounds模块

e. DirectDraw         --- 被废弃, 由DirectX Graphics中的Direct3D接管

f. DirectPlay         --- 被废弃, 由Windows Sockets代替

g. DirectShow         --- video and audio playback or capture模块, 不再是DirectX的模块, 由Platform接管

h. DirectSetup        --- 自动安装DirectX模块

我们主要讲解兰色的部分, 再包括算法和AI.

0.2.2 DirectX Graphics

这个模块只包括Direct3D.

我们游戏显示的虚幻的世界都是由Direct3D来创建的, 这部分是最最主要的, 我们会化大半的时间来讲解如何展示你心中的梦想,以及你要用Direct3D来实现梦想要掌握的数学模型知识.

0.2.3 DirectX Input

这个模块只包括DirectInput和XInput. XInput是Xbox 360 连接到Windows PC后的控制的部分, 我们不讲解.

如何控制游戏, 我们是通过DirectInput.

0.2.4 DirectX Audio

这个模块只包括DirectSound和XACT. 我们只讲解DirectSound.

0.2.5 算法和AI

这里将展示如何让虚拟的人物和怪物更人性化的在虚拟世界里活动.

0.2.6 综合运用

结合上面的内容, 我们要建立一个完整的3D游戏.

/////////////////////////////////////////////////下面是头文件：

    LPD3DXBUFFER pD3DXMtrlBuffer;
    if( FAILED( D3DXLoadMeshFromX( MeshFile.c_str(), D3DXMESH_SYSTEMMEM, pDevice, NULL, &pD3DXMtrlBuffer, NULL, &NumOfMaterials, &Mesh ) ) )
      return E_FAIL;
   
    D3DXMATERIAL* d3dxMaterials = (D3DXMATERIAL*)pD3DXMtrlBuffer->GetBufferPointer();
    MeshMaterials = new D3DMATERIAL9[NumOfMaterials];
    MeshTextures  = new LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9[NumOfMaterials];

    for( DWORD i = 0; i < NumOfMaterials_; i ++ )
    {
      MeshMaterials[i] = d3dxMaterials[i].MatD3D;
      MeshMaterials[i].Ambient = MeshMaterials[i].Diffuse;
      MeshTextures[i] = NULL;
      if( d3dxMaterials[i].pTextureFilename != NULL && lstrlen(d3dxMaterials[i].pTextureFilename) > 0 )
      {
        if( FAILED( D3DXCreateTextureFromFile( pDevice, d3dxMaterials[i].pTextureFilename, &MeshTextures[i] ) ) )
          return E_FAIL;
      }
    }

    pD3DXMtrlBuffer->Release();
    return S_OK;
  }

画这个Mesh的代码如下：
  void CMyMesh::Render( LPDIRECT3DDEVICE9 pDevice )
  {
    for( DWORD i = 0; i < NumOfMaterials; i ++ )
    {
      pDevice->SetMaterial( &MeshMaterials[i] );
      pDevice->SetTexture( 0, MeshTextures[i] );

      Mesh->DrawSubset( i );
    }
  }
 
我们先想办法替换DrawSubset函数，代码如下：
  void CMyMesh::Render( LPDIRECT3DDEVICE9 pDevice )
  {
  LPDIRECT3DVERTEXBUFFER9 pVertexBuffer;
  LPDIRECT3DINDEXBUFFER9 pIndexBuffer;
  DWORD dwNumBytesPerVertex;
  DWORD dwFVF;
  DWORD dwNumVertex;
  DWORD dwFaces;
  Mesh->GetVertexBuffer(&pVertexBuffer);
  Mesh->GetIndexBuffer(&pIndexBuffer);
  dwNumBytesPerVertex = Mesh->GetNumBytesPerVertex();
  dwFVF = Mesh->GetFVF();
  dwNumVertex = Mesh->GetNumVertices();
  dwFaces = Mesh->GetNumFaces();

  pDevice->SetStreamSource(0, pVertexBuffer, 0, dwNumBytesPerVertex);
  pDevice->SetFVF(dwFVF);
  pDevice->SetTexture(0, MeshTextures[0]);
  pDevice->SetMaterial(&MeshMaterials[0]);
  pDevice->SetIndices(pIndexBuffer);
  pDevice->DrawIndexedPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLELIST, 0, 0, dwNumVertex, 0, dwFaces);
 }
 
虽然MeshTextures和MeshMaterials处有点问题，但是我们知道了画tiger.x的时候都需要什么东西：
VB,IB,NumBytesPerVertex,FVF,NumVertex,Faces,Texture,Material
那么我们将这些东西保存到文件中，不就和.x文件目的相同了么， 并且可以绕过D3DXMesh了。那么这些东西怎么得到呢：我修改了Create部分的代码：

  HRESULT CMyMesh::Create( LPDIRECT3DDEVICE9 pDevice, string MeshFile )
  {
    if( pDevice == NULL )
      return E_FAIL;

    LPD3DXBUFFER pD3DXMtrlBuffer;
    if( FAILED( D3DXLoadMeshFromX( MeshFile.c_str(), D3DXMESH_SYSTEMMEM, pDevice, NULL, &pD3DXMtrlBuffer, NULL, &NumOfMaterials, &Mesh ) ) )
      return E_FAIL;
   
    D3DXMATERIAL* d3dxMaterials = (D3DXMATERIAL*)pD3DXMtrlBuffer->GetBufferPointer();
    MeshMaterials = new D3DMATERIAL9[NumOfMaterials];
    MeshTextures  = new LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9[NumOfMaterials];

    for( DWORD i = 0; i < NumOfMaterials_; i ++ )
    {
      MeshMaterials_[i] = d3dxMaterials[i].MatD3D;
      MeshMaterials_[i].Ambient = MeshMaterials_[i].Diffuse;
      MeshTextures_[i] = NULL;
      if( d3dxMaterials[i].pTextureFilename != NULL && lstrlen(d3dxMaterials[i].pTextureFilename) > 0 )
      {
          FILE* fp;
          int nLen = 0;
          char* pBuf;
          if(fp=fopen( d3dxMaterials[i].pTextureFilename, "rb" )) {
          fseek(fp,0,SEEK_END);
          nLen = ftell(fp);
          fseek(fp,0,SEEK_SET);
          pBuf = new char[nLen];
          fread(pBuf,1,nLen,fp);
          fclose(fp);
        }
        HRESULT hr = D3DXCreateTextureFromFileInMemory(D3DDevice,pBuf,nLen,&MeshTextures[i]);
        delete [] pBuf;

    //HRESULT hr = D3DXCreateTextureFromFile( D3DDevice_, d3dxMaterials[i].pTextureFilename, &MeshTextures_[i] );
        if( FAILED( hr ) )
          return E_FAIL;
      }
    }

   
    //下面是增加的内容
    FILE* fp;
    if( ( fp = fopen("tiger.o","w") ) != NULL ) {
   LPDIRECT3DVERTEXBUFFER9 pVertexBuffer;
   LPDIRECT3DINDEXBUFFER9 pIndexBuffer;
   D3DVERTEXBUFFER_DESC desc;
   D3DINDEXBUFFER_DESC idesc;
 
   Mesh->GetVertexBuffer(&pVertexBuffer);
   Mesh->GetIndexBuffer(&pIndexBuffer);
   pVertexBuffer->GetDesc( &desc );
   pIndexBuffer->GetDesc( &idesc );
 
   VOID* pVBData = NULL;
   VOID* pIBData = NULL;
   
   pVertexBuffer->Lock( 0, 0, (VOID**)&pVBData, 0 );
   pIndexBuffer->Lock( 0, 0, (VOID**)&pIBData, 0 );
   
   DWORD dwFVF = Mesh->GetFVF();
   DWORD dwNumBytesPerVertex = Mesh->GetNumBytesPerVertex();
   DWORD dwNumFaces = Mesh->GetNumFaces();
   
   //怎么样？该有的都有了吧，要怎么保存就看你的了
   //这段代码显然不完善，你需要自己去完善它
   //有人说了你光考虑了Mesh，还有多AnimationSet等等东西呢？
   //这里本来就只是建立静态模型，当然没有AnimationSet啦。动画的部分我后面在写吧。
   
   pVertexBuffer->UnLock();
   pIndexBuffer->UnLock();
   
   fclose(fp);
    }
    //增加结束

    pD3DXMtrlBuffer->Release();
    return S_OK;
  }
 

//****************************************************************************
//说明：
//开发环境：Visual C++.NET 7.1.3091 DirectX 9.0C
//操作系统：WindowsXP SP2
//硬件：AMD Athlon XP 2500+,DDR400 256MB,Geforce4 MX440 AGP 8X 64MB
//****************************************************************************
#include<d3d9.h>
#include<d3dx9.h>
#include<windows.h>
#include<d3d9types.h>
#include<d3dx9math.h>

#pragma comment(lib,"d3d9.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"d3dx9.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"dxguid.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"Winmm.lib")

//变量说明
HWND      hWnd;
LPDIRECT3D9     D3d9;
LPDIRECT3DDEVICE9   D3dDevice9;
LPD3DXMESH     m_pMesh;    //Mesh对象的接口指针
D3DMATERIAL9    *m_pMeshMaterials;  //用于保存模型中各个子集的材质
LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9   *m_pMeshTextures;  //用于保存模型中各个子集的纹理
DWORD      m_dwNumSubsets;   //模型中子集的数目
//函数申明

BOOL InitWindow(HINSTANCE hInstance,int nCmdShow);
LRESULT CALLBACK WinProc(HWND hWnd,UINT message,WPARAM wParam,LPARAM lParam);
//*******************************************************************
//函数：InitWindow（）
//功能：创建窗口
//编写人：梁志斌
//*******************************************************************

static BOOL InitWindow(HINSTANCE hInstance,int nCmdShow)
{
WNDCLASS wndcls;
 wndcls.cbClsExtra=0;  //分配给窗口类结构之后的额外字节数
 wndcls.cbWndExtra=0;  //分配给窗口实例之后的额外的字节数
 wndcls.hbrBackground=CreateSolidBrush(RGB(0,0,255));//蓝色背景
 wndcls.hCursor=LoadCursor(NULL,IDC_ARROW);  //窗口中的鼠标形状
 wndcls.hIcon=LoadIcon(NULL,IDI_ERROR);  //窗口图标
 wndcls.hInstance=hInstance;  //窗口所对应的应用程序的句柄
 wndcls.lpfnWndProc=(WNDPROC)WinProc;  //窗口消息处理函数的指针
 wndcls.lpszClassName="DirectX";  //窗口的类名称
 wndcls.lpszMenuName=NULL;  //窗口的菜单资源名称
 wndcls.style= NULL; //窗口的风格
 if(!RegisterClass(&wndcls))
 {
  ::MessageBox(0, "RegisterClass() - FAILED", 0, 0);
  return FALSE;
 }

 hWnd=CreateWindow("DirectX","游戏主窗口",WS_POPUP|WS_MAXIMIZE,0,0,
 GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSCREEN),//此函数返回屏幕宽度
    GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN),//此函数返回屏幕高度
 GetDesktopWindow(),NULL,hInstance,NULL);
 if(!hWnd)
 {
  ::MessageBox(0, "CreateWindow() - FAILED", 0, 0);
  return FALSE;
 }

 ShowWindow(hWnd,SW_SHOWNORMAL);
 UpdateWindow(hWnd);
 return TRUE;

}

//**********************************************************************
//函数：InitD3D()
//功能：初始化D3D
//编写人：梁志斌
//**********************************************************************
bool InitD3D()
{

 if(NULL==(D3d9=Direct3DCreate9(D3D_SDK_VERSION)))
 {
  ::MessageBox(0, "Direct3DCreate9() - FAILED", 0, 0);
  return FALSE;
 }
 
 
    D3DDISPLAYMODE d3ddm;
    if(D3D_OK!=(D3d9->GetAdapterDisplayMode(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT,&d3ddm)))
   {
  ::MessageBox(0,"GetAdapterDisplayMode() - FAILED",0,0);
  return FALSE;
 }

  
 D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS D3dpp;

 ZeroMemory(&D3dpp, sizeof(D3dpp));
 D3dpp.Windowed=false;
 D3dpp.hDeviceWindow=hWnd;
 D3dpp.SwapEffect=D3DSWAPEFFECT_FLIP;
 D3dpp.BackBufferCount=1; //有一个后台缓存
 D3dpp.BackBufferWidth=d3ddm.Width;//屏幕宽度
 D3dpp.BackBufferHeight=d3ddm.Height;//屏幕长度
 //立即显示刷新后的图像
 D3dpp.PresentationInterval=D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_IMMEDIATE;

 D3dpp.BackBufferFormat=D3DFMT_X8R8G8B8;//色彩深度

 //开启自动深度缓冲
 D3dpp.EnableAutoDepthStencil=true;
 D3dpp.AutoDepthStencilFormat=D3DFMT_D24S8;//24位深度缓冲并保留8位模版缓冲（stencil buffer）

 if(D3D_OK!=(D3d9->CreateDevice(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT,D3DDEVTYPE_HAL,hWnd,D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING,&D3dpp,&D3dDevice9)))
 {
  ::MessageBox(0, "CreateDevice() - FAILED", 0, 0);
  return FALSE;
 }
 //启用Z缓存，允许消隐处理
 D3dDevice9->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ZENABLE,D3DZB_TRUE);
 //打开光照处理
 D3dDevice9->SetRenderState( D3DRS_LIGHTING, TRUE );

 //自动对法线矢量进行归一化处理
 D3dDevice9->SetRenderState( D3DRS_NORMALIZENORMALS, TRUE );

 return true;
}
void SetLight()
{
 //创建一个白色的平行光
 D3DLIGHT9 light;
 ::ZeroMemory( &light, sizeof(D3DLIGHT9) );
 light.Type = D3DLIGHT_DIRECTIONAL; //灯光类型
 light.Diffuse.r = 1.0f;
 light.Diffuse.g = 1.0f;
 light.Diffuse.b = 1.0f;
 light.Direction = D3DXVECTOR3( -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f );
 light.Range  = 1000.0f;    //灯光的作用范围
 D3dDevice9->SetLight( 0, &light ); //设置灯光，参数1为灯光的索引号
 D3dDevice9->LightEnable( 0, TRUE ); //打开灯光，参数1为灯光的索引号

 //设置环境光
 D3dDevice9->SetRenderState( D3DRS_AMBIENT, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(32,32,32,0) );
}
int InitGeometry()
{
 //我们将通过该接口指针访问Mesh对象的材质和纹理
 LPD3DXBUFFER pD3DXMtrlBuffer;

 //从.x文件创建Mesh对象
 if(FAILED(D3DXLoadMeshFromX("su37.x",D3DXMESH_SYSTEMMEM,D3dDevice9,NULL,&pD3DXMtrlBuffer,NULL,&m_dwNumSubsets,&m_pMesh))) 
 {
   ::MessageBox(0, "D3DXLoadMeshFromX() - FAILED", 0, 0);
   return FALSE;
 }
 m_pMeshMaterials = new D3DMATERIAL9[m_dwNumSubsets];
 m_pMeshTextures = new LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9[m_dwNumSubsets];

 //从接口指针pD3DXMtrlBuffer获得各个子集的材质和纹理图片的文件名
 D3DXMATERIAL* d3dxMaterials=(D3DXMATERIAL*)pD3DXMtrlBuffer->GetBufferPointer();
 for( DWORD i=0;i<m_dwNumSubsets;i++ )
 {
  //复制子集的材质
  m_pMeshMaterials[i] = d3dxMaterials[i].MatD3D;
  //Direct3D在调入Mesh模型时，没有设置材质的环境光颜色，
  //这里把它设置成和漫反射一样的颜色。
  m_pMeshMaterials[i].Ambient = m_pMeshMaterials[i].Diffuse;

  //调入纹理图片
  if(FAILED(D3DXCreateTextureFromFile(D3dDevice9,d3dxMaterials[i].pTextureFilename,&m_pMeshTextures[i])))
  {
   ::MessageBox(0, "D3DXCreateTextureFromFile() - FAILED", 0, 0);
   return FALSE;
  }
 }
 pD3DXMtrlBuffer->Release(); //释放接口
}
void SetupMatrices()
{
 
    D3DXMATRIX matWorld;
    UINT  iTime  = timeGetTime() % 5000;
    FLOAT fAngle = iTime * (2.0f * D3DX_PI) / 5000.0f;//把旋转角换算成弧度
    D3DXMatrixRotationY( &matWorld, fAngle );//计算世界变换矩阵
    D3dDevice9->SetTransform( D3DTS_WORLD, &matWorld );//把世界变换矩阵设置到渲染环境
 

    D3DXVECTOR3 vEyePt( 0.0f, 15.0f,-25.0f );//观察点
    D3DXVECTOR3 vLookatPt( 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f );//视线目标点
    D3DXVECTOR3 vUpVec( 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f );//上方向
    D3DXMATRIX matView;
    D3DXMatrixLookAtLH( &matView, &vEyePt, &vLookatPt, &vUpVec );//计算视角变换矩阵
    D3dDevice9->SetTransform( D3DTS_VIEW, &matView );//把视角变换矩阵设置到渲染环境

    D3DXMATRIX matProj;
    D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH( &matProj, D3DX_PI/4, 1.0f, 1.0f, 100.0f );//计算透视投影变换矩阵
    D3dDevice9->SetTransform( D3DTS_PROJECTION, &matProj );//把投影变换矩阵设置到渲染环境
}

VOID Cleanup()
{
 if(D3dDevice9!=NULL)
       D3dDevice9->Release();

    if(D3d9!=NULL)      
       D3d9->Release();

 for (DWORD i=0;i<m_dwNumSubsets;i++)
  m_pMeshTextures[i]->Release();  //释放纹理对象
 delete [] m_pMeshMaterials;
 delete [] m_pMeshTextures;
 m_pMesh->Release();   //释放Mesh对象
}

VOID Render()
{ 
 //用蓝色清空背景区域
    D3dDevice9->Clear(0,NULL,D3DCLEAR_TARGET|D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER,D3DCOLOR_XRGB(0,0,255),1.0f,0);
 // 开始绘制场景 
    if(SUCCEEDED(D3dDevice9->BeginScene()))
    { 
  SetupMatrices();//设置变换矩阵
  SetLight(); //设置灯光

 for( DWORD i=0; i < m_dwNumSubsets; i++ )
  {
   //设置子集的材质
   D3dDevice9->SetMaterial( &m_pMeshMaterials[i] );
   //设置子集的纹理，混合方式使用缺省值：纹理 × 材质的漫反射
   D3dDevice9->SetTexture( 0, m_pMeshTextures[i] );
   //绘制子集
   m_pMesh->DrawSubset( i );
   D3dDevice9->SetTexture( 0, NULL);
   }
  }
  // 结束场景绘制
     D3dDevice9->EndScene();
  // 显示到屏幕上
     D3dDevice9->Present(NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL);
}
//**********************************************************************
//函数：WinMain()
//功能：Windows 程序入口函数。创建主窗口，处理消息循环
//编写人：梁志斌
//**********************************************************************

int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance,  //hInstance：表示该应用程序的句柄
HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,                 //hPrevInstance：为了保持与16位windows应用程序的兼容性
LPSTR lpCmdLine,                         //lpCmdLine：指向命令行参数字符串的指针
int nCmdShow)                            //nCmdShow:指定应用程序窗口显示方式的整数
{ 
 InitWindow(hInstance,nCmdShow);
 InitD3D();
 InitGeometry();
 //Render(); //渲染

 MSG msg;
 ZeroMemory( &msg, sizeof(msg) );
    while(GetMessage(&msg,NULL,0,0))
    {
  Render(); //渲染
   TranslateMessage( &msg );
   DispatchMessage( &msg );
  }
 
 return (int)msg.wParam;
}

//*******************************************************************
//函数：WinProc()
//功能：处理窗口消息
//编写人：梁志斌
//*******************************************************************

LRESULT CALLBACK WinProc(HWND hWnd,UINT msg,WPARAM wParam,LPARAM lParam)
{
 switch(msg)
 {
 case WM_KEYDOWN:  //击键消息
  switch(wParam)
  {
  case VK_ESCAPE:
   DestroyWindow(hWnd);  //释放窗口
   Cleanup();
   PostQuitMessage(0);  //给窗口发送WM_QUIT消息
   return 0;  //处理完一个消息后返回0
  }
 //case WM_RBUTTONDOWN:
 // MessageBox(hWnd,"鼠标右键按下了！","Mouse",MB_OK);
  return 0;
 }
return DefWindowProc(hWnd,msg,wParam,lParam);   //调用缺省消息处理过程
/*
if(GetAsyncKeyState(VK_ESCAPE))
{
 DestroyWindow(hWnd);  //释放窗口
 Cleanup();
 PostQuitMessage(0);  //给窗口发送WM_QUIT消息
}
*/
 return 0;
}

//做了好久都不能整合鼠标做CS那样的运动引擎....看来暂时都只能用键盘控制了

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// File: basic.cpp
//
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#define STRICT
#include <Windows.h>
#include <commctrl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <D3DX9.h>
#include "DXUtil.h"
#include "D3DEnumeration.h"
#include "D3DSettings.h"
#include "D3DApp.h"
#include "D3DFile.h"
#include "D3DFont.h"
#include "D3DUtil.h"
#include "resource.h"

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Name: class CMyD3DApplication
// Desc: Application class. The base class (CD3DApplication) provides the
//       generic functionality needed in all Direct3D samples. CMyD3DApplication
//       adds functionality specific to this sample program.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
class CMyD3DApplication : public CD3DApplication
{
    LPD3DXMESH m_pMesh;     //Mesh对象的接口指针
 D3DMATERIAL9 *m_pMeshMaterials;  //用于保存模型中各个子集的材质
 LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9 *m_pMeshTextures;//用于保存模型中各个子集的纹理
 DWORD m_dwNumSubsets;    //模型中子集的数目
 TCHAR               m_strMeshFilename[512];
    TCHAR               m_strInitialDir[512];

 //CD3DArcBall         m_ArcBall;              // Mouse rotation utility
    D3DXVECTOR3         m_vObjectCenter;        // Center of bounding sphere of object
    FLOAT               m_fObjectRadius;        // Radius of bounding sphere of object

 D3DXVECTOR3 VDot,VAtPoint,VUp;//全局观察变量
 BYTE  m_bKey[256];   // keyboard state buffer
 

protected:
    HRESULT OneTimeSceneInit();
    HRESULT InitDeviceObjects();
    HRESULT RestoreDeviceObjects();
    HRESULT InvalidateDeviceObjects();
    HRESULT DeleteDeviceObjects();
    HRESULT FinalCleanup();
    HRESULT Render();
    HRESULT FrameMove();
    HRESULT ConfirmDevice( D3DCAPS9* pCaps, DWORD dwBehavior,
  D3DFORMAT adapterFormat, D3DFORMAT backBufferFormat );
 LRESULT MsgProc( HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam );
public:
    CMyD3DApplication();
};

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Name: WinMain()
// Desc: Entry point to the program. Initializes everything, and goes into a
//       message-processing loop. Idle time is used to render the scene.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
INT WINAPI WinMain( HINSTANCE hInst, HINSTANCE, LPSTR, INT )
{
    CMyD3DApplication d3dApp;

    InitCommonControls();
    if( FAILED( d3dApp.Create( hInst ) ) )
        return 0;

    return d3dApp.Run();
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Name: CMyD3DApplication()
// Desc: Application constructor. Sets attributes for the app.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
CMyD3DApplication::CMyD3DApplication()
{
 m_bStartFullscreen=TRUE;
    //m_dwCreationWidth  = 800;   // Width used to create window
    //m_dwCreationHeight  = 600;
  // Override base class members
    m_strWindowTitle    = _T("加载Mesh模型");
    m_d3dEnumeration.AppUsesDepthBuffer   = TRUE;
  DXUtil_GetDXSDKMediaPathCb( m_strInitialDir, sizeof(m_strInitialDir) );
    _tcscpy( m_strMeshFilename, _T("this.x") );
    //初始化
 ZeroMemory( m_bKey, 256 );
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Name: ConfirmDevice()
// Desc: Called during device initialization, this code checks the device
//       for some minimum set of capabilities
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
HRESULT CMyD3DApplication::ConfirmDevice( D3DCAPS9* pCaps, DWORD dwBehavior,
                                          D3DFORMAT adapterFormat, D3DFORMAT backBufferFormat )
{
    return S_OK;
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Name: OneTimeSceneInit()
// Desc: Called during initial app startup, this function performs all the
//       permanent initialization.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
HRESULT CMyD3DApplication::OneTimeSceneInit()
{
    return S_OK;
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Name: InitDeviceObjects()
// Desc: Initialize scene objects.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
HRESULT CMyD3DApplication::InitDeviceObjects()
{
 LPD3DXBUFFER pD3DXMtrlBuffer;

 TCHAR      strMeshPath[512];
  // Load the mesh from the specified file
    DXUtil_FindMediaFileCb( strMeshPath, sizeof(strMeshPath), m_strMeshFilename );
 //从.x文件创建Mesh对象
 ::D3DXLoadMeshFromX(
  strMeshPath, D3DXMESH_SYSTEMMEM, m_pd3dDevice,
  NULL, &pD3DXMtrlBuffer, NULL,
  &m_dwNumSubsets, //返回模型中子集的数目
  &m_pMesh );   //返回Mesh对象的接口指针

 m_pMeshMaterials = new D3DMATERIAL9[m_dwNumSubsets];
 m_pMeshTextures = new LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9[m_dwNumSubsets];
    ZeroMemory(m_pMeshMaterials , sizeof(D3DMATERIAL9) * m_dwNumSubsets);
 ZeroMemory(m_pMeshTextures , sizeof(LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9) * m_dwNumSubsets);
 //从接口指针pD3DXMtrlBuffer获得各个子集的材质和纹理图片的文件名
 D3DXMATERIAL* d3dxMaterials = (D3DXMATERIAL*)pD3DXMtrlBuffer->GetBufferPointer();
 for( DWORD i=0; i < m_dwNumSubsets; i++ )
 {
  //复制子集的材质
  m_pMeshMaterials[i] = d3dxMaterials[i].MatD3D;
  //Direct3D在调入Mesh模型时，没有设置材质的环境光颜色，
  //这里把它设置成和漫反射一样的颜色。
  m_pMeshMaterials[i].Ambient = m_pMeshMaterials[i].Diffuse;

  TCHAR strTexturePath[512] = _T("");
        DXUtil_FindMediaFileCb( strTexturePath, sizeof(strTexturePath), d3dxMaterials[i].pTextureFilename );
  //调入纹理图片
  ::D3DXCreateTextureFromFile(
   m_pd3dDevice,
   strTexturePath, //纹理图片的文件名
   &m_pMeshTextures[i] );
 }

 pD3DXMtrlBuffer->Release(); //释放接口
    return S_OK;
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Name: RestoreDeviceObjects()
// Desc: Initialize scene objects.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
HRESULT CMyD3DApplication::RestoreDeviceObjects()
{
   m_pd3dDevice->SetRenderState( D3DRS_AMBIENT,
   D3DCOLOR_COLORVALUE(0.7,0.7,0.7,0.7 ));

    // Set the arcball parameters
    m_ArcBall.SetWindow( m_d3dsdBackBuffer.Width, m_d3dsdBackBuffer.Height,
                         0.85f );
    m_ArcBall.SetRadius( m_fObjectRadius );

    // Set the projection matrix
 D3DXMATRIXA16 matProj;
 ::D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH( &matProj, D3DX_PI/4, 1.0f, 1.0f, 10000.0f );
 m_pd3dDevice->SetTransform( D3DTS_PROJECTION, &matProj );

 D3DXMATRIX matView;
 D3DXMatrixLookAtLH( &matView,&VDot, &VAtPoint, &VUp );
 m_pd3dDevice->SetTransform( D3DTS_VIEW,  &matView );
    return S_OK;
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Name: InvalidateDeviceObjects()
// Desc:
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
HRESULT CMyD3DApplication::InvalidateDeviceObjects()
{

    return S_OK;
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Name: DeleteDeviceObjects()
// Desc: Called when the app is exiting, or the device is being changed,
//       this function deletes any device dependent objects.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
HRESULT CMyD3DApplication::DeleteDeviceObjects()
{
 for (DWORD i = 0; i < m_dwNumSubsets; i++)
  m_pMeshTextures[i]->Release();  //释放纹理对象
 delete [] m_pMeshMaterials;
 delete [] m_pMeshTextures;
 m_pMesh->Release();   //释放Mesh对象
    return S_OK;
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Name: FrameMove()
// Desc: Called once per frame, the call is the entry point for animating
//       the scene.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
HRESULT CMyD3DApplication::FrameMove()
{   
  // Setup world matrix
 float angle = 3 * D3DX_PI / 180;
 D3DXMATRIX matWorld;
 ::D3DXMatrixRotationY( &matWorld, angle );
 m_pd3dDevice->SetTransform( D3DTS_WORLD, &matWorld );

    // Set up view matrix
 
    float fRoll=0, fPitch =0, fYaw = 0.0f;
    float fOneStep=1.5;
    D3DXVECTOR3 vPos(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    static D3DXMATRIX matView  = D3DXMATRIX(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
                 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 
                 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 
                 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
 // Process keyboard input
 if (m_bKey[VK_UP])   fPitch -= fOneStep*0.05; // Pitch Up
    if (m_bKey[VK_DOWN])  fPitch += fOneStep*0.05; // Pitch Down
    if (m_bKey[VK_LEFT])     fYaw -= fOneStep*0.05; // Turn Left
    if (m_bKey[VK_RIGHT])     fYaw += fOneStep*0.05; // Turn Right
    //if (m_bKey['C'])      fRoll += fOneStep; // Rotate Left
    //if (m_bKey['X'])      fRoll -= fOneStep; // Rotate Right
    if (m_bKey['W'])  vPos.z += fOneStep; // Move Forward
    if (m_bKey['S'])   vPos.z -= fOneStep; // Move Backward
    if (m_bKey['A'])  vPos.x -= fOneStep; // Slide Left
    if (m_bKey['D'])  vPos.x += fOneStep; // Slide Right
    if (m_bKey['Q'])     vPos.y += fOneStep; // Slide Down
    if (m_bKey['E'])     vPos.y -= fOneStep; // Slide Up

    // Update position and view matricies
    D3DXMATRIX matR, matTemp;
 D3DXQUATERNION qR;
 D3DXQuaternionRotationYawPitchRoll (&qR, fYaw, fPitch, fRoll); 
 D3DXMatrixRotationQuaternion (&matR, &qR);      
 D3DXMatrixMultiply (&matView, &matR, &matView);
 D3DXMatrixTranslation (&matTemp, vPos.x, vPos.y, vPos.z);
 D3DXMatrixMultiply (&matView, &matTemp, &matView);
 D3DXMatrixInverse (&matTemp, NULL, &matView);
 //D3DXMatrixMultiply(&matTemp,&matTemp,m_ArcBall.GetRotationMatrix());
 m_pd3dDevice->SetTransform(D3DTS_VIEW, &matTemp );
 
    return S_OK;
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Name: Render()
// Desc: Called once per frame, the call is the entry point for 3d
//       rendering. This function sets up render states, clears the
//       viewport, and renders the scene.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
HRESULT CMyD3DApplication::Render()
{
 // Clear the backbuffer
   m_pd3dDevice->Clear( 0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET|D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER,
                         0x000000ff, 1.0f, 0x00000000 );
    // Begin the scene
    if( SUCCEEDED( m_pd3dDevice->BeginScene() ) )
    {
  //m_pd3dDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_NORMALIZENORMALS, TRUE);//解决发暗问题
  for( DWORD i=0; i < m_dwNumSubsets; i++ )
    {
  //设置子集的材质
  m_pd3dDevice->SetMaterial( &m_pMeshMaterials[i] );
  //设置子集的纹理，混合方式使用缺省值：纹理 × 材质的漫反射
  m_pd3dDevice->SetTexture( 0, m_pMeshTextures[i] );
  //绘制子集
  m_pMesh->DrawSubset( i );
  m_pd3dDevice->SetTexture( 0, NULL);
     }

      // End the scene.
      m_pd3dDevice->EndScene();
    }

    return S_OK;
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Name: FinalCleanup()
// Desc: Called before the app exits, this function gives the app the chance
//       to cleanup after itself.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
HRESULT CMyD3DApplication::FinalCleanup()
{
    return S_OK;
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Name: MsgProc()
// Desc: Message proc function to handle key and menu input
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
LRESULT CMyD3DApplication::MsgProc( HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam,
                                    LPARAM lParam )
{
    // Pass mouse messages to the ArcBall so it can build internal matrices
    //m_ArcBall.HandleMouseMessages( hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam );
 // Record key presses
    if( WM_KEYDOWN == uMsg )
    {
        m_bKey[wParam] = 1;
    }

    // Perform commands when keys are rleased
    if( WM_KEYUP == uMsg )
    {
        m_bKey[wParam] = 0;
 }
  // Pass remaining messages to default handler
    return CD3DApplication::MsgProc( hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam );
}

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Direct3D 9.0 SDK 文档 (中文版)

请注意：目前不提供单独的文件包供下载，不便之处，敬请谅解。

Direct3D起步 (Getting started with Direct3D)

- Direct3D体系结构 (Direct3D Architecture) (alpha version)

- 三维坐标系与几何学 (3-D Coordinate Systems and Geometry) (alpha version)

- 设备 (Devices) (alpha version)

- Direct3D对象 (Direct3D Object) (alpha version)

- 资源 (Resources) (alpha version)

- 状态 (States) (alpha version)

- 顶点声明 (Vertex Declaration) (alpha version)

- 顶点格式 (Vertex Formats) (alpha version)

- 几何体 (Object Geometry) (alpha version)

- 渲染 (Rendering) (alpha version)

固定功能流水线 (Fixed Function Pipeline)

- 顶点和像素处理 (Vertex and Pixel Processing) (alpha version)

- 变换 (Transforms) (alpha version)

- 视区和裁剪 (Viewports and Clipping) (alpha version)

- 光与材质 (Lights and Materials) (alpha version)

- 纹理 (Textures) (alpha version)

- 可编程流水线 (Programmable Pipeline) (alpha version)

- 可编程数据流模型 (Programmable Stream Model) (alpha version)

- 顶点着色器 (Vertex Shaders) (alpha version)

- 像素着色器 (Pixel Shaders) (alpha version)

高级主题 (Advanced Topics) (comming soon)

- 顶点流水线 (Vertex Pipeline)

- 像素流水线 (Pixel Pipeline)

- 帧缓存 (Frame Buffer)

- 效果 (Effects) (New, 2003/08/10, alpha version)

欢迎任何意见或建议以及错误报告，你的帮助会使我们提供更好的文档。