﻿<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:trackback="http://madskills.com/public/xml/rss/module/trackback/" xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/" xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/"><channel><title>C++博客-aurain-随笔分类-tcp/ip</title><link>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/category/6795.html</link><description>专注网络编程</description><language>zh-cn</language><lastBuildDate>Mon, 02 Mar 2009 12:10:08 GMT</lastBuildDate><pubDate>Mon, 02 Mar 2009 12:10:08 GMT</pubDate><ttl>60</ttl><item><title>IGMP协议</title><link>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2009/03/02/75341.html</link><dc:creator>水</dc:creator><author>水</author><pubDate>Mon, 02 Mar 2009 11:12:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2009/03/02/75341.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/75341.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2009/03/02/75341.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/commentRss/75341.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/services/trackbacks/75341.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 摘要: IGMP协议格式&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href='http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2009/03/02/75341.html'>阅读全文</a><img src ="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/aggbug/75341.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/" target="_blank">水</a> 2009-03-02 19:12 <a href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2009/03/02/75341.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>ICMP数据报结构</title><link>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2009/01/16/72163.html</link><dc:creator>水</dc:creator><author>水</author><pubDate>Fri, 16 Jan 2009 05:37:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2009/01/16/72163.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/72163.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2009/01/16/72163.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/commentRss/72163.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/services/trackbacks/72163.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 摘要: ICMP数据报结构详细分析&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href='http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2009/01/16/72163.html'>阅读全文</a><img src ="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/aggbug/72163.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/" target="_blank">水</a> 2009-01-16 13:37 <a href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2009/01/16/72163.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>udphdr结构</title><link>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/11/21/67461.html</link><dc:creator>水</dc:creator><author>水</author><pubDate>Fri, 21 Nov 2008 02:54:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/11/21/67461.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/67461.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/11/21/67461.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/commentRss/67461.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/services/trackbacks/67461.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 摘要: linux下udp头结构&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href='http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/11/21/67461.html'>阅读全文</a><img src ="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/aggbug/67461.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/" target="_blank">水</a> 2008-11-21 10:54 <a href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/11/21/67461.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>tcphdr结构</title><link>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/11/21/67458.html</link><dc:creator>水</dc:creator><author>水</author><pubDate>Fri, 21 Nov 2008 02:48:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/11/21/67458.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/67458.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/11/21/67458.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/commentRss/67458.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/services/trackbacks/67458.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 摘要: linux下tcp头结构及说明&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href='http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/11/21/67458.html'>阅读全文</a><img src ="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/aggbug/67458.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/" target="_blank">水</a> 2008-11-21 10:48 <a href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/11/21/67458.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>iphdr结构</title><link>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/11/21/67457.html</link><dc:creator>水</dc:creator><author>水</author><pubDate>Fri, 21 Nov 2008 02:47:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/11/21/67457.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/67457.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/11/21/67457.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/commentRss/67457.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/services/trackbacks/67457.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 摘要: linux下定义的ip头结构及说明&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href='http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/11/21/67457.html'>阅读全文</a><img src ="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/aggbug/67457.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/" target="_blank">水</a> 2008-11-21 10:47 <a href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/11/21/67457.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>TCP/IP详解读书笔记（第13章IGMP：Internet组管理协议） </title><link>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/09/02/60771.html</link><dc:creator>水</dc:creator><author>水</author><pubDate>Tue, 02 Sep 2008 13:32:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/09/02/60771.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/60771.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/09/02/60771.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/commentRss/60771.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/services/trackbacks/60771.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 摘要: 本章将介绍用于支持主机和路由器进行多播的Internet组管理协议（ IGMP）。它让一个物理网络上的所有系统知道主机当前所在的多播组。多播路由器需要这些信息以便知道多播数据报应该向哪些接口转发。&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href='http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/09/02/60771.html'>阅读全文</a><img src ="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/aggbug/60771.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/" target="_blank">水</a> 2008-09-02 21:32 <a href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/09/02/60771.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>TCP/IP详解读书笔记（第12章 广播和多播） </title><link>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/08/28/60237.html</link><dc:creator>水</dc:creator><author>水</author><pubDate>Thu, 28 Aug 2008 03:07:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/08/28/60237.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/60237.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/08/28/60237.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>2</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/commentRss/60237.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/services/trackbacks/60237.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 摘要: 我们曾提到有三种IP地址：单播地址、广播地址和多播地址。本章将更详细地介绍广播和多播。说明：<br>单播地址：目的为单个主机<br>广播地址：目的端为给定网络上的所有主机<br>多播地址：目的端为同一组内的所有主机<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href='http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/08/28/60237.html'>阅读全文</a><img src ="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/aggbug/60237.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/" target="_blank">水</a> 2008-08-28 11:07 <a href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/08/28/60237.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>TCP/IP详解读书笔记（第11章 UDP：用户数据报协议） </title><link>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/08/27/60175.html</link><dc:creator>水</dc:creator><author>水</author><pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 2008 10:09:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/08/27/60175.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/60175.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/08/27/60175.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>2</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/commentRss/60175.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/services/trackbacks/60175.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 摘要: UDP是一个简单的面向数据报的运输层协议：进程的每个输出操作都正好产生一个UDP数据报，并组装成一份待发送的IP数据报。UDP不提供可靠性：它把应用程序传给IP层的数据发送出去，但是并不保证它们能到达目的地。UDP数据报封装格式如图1所示。&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href='http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/08/27/60175.html'>阅读全文</a><img src ="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/aggbug/60175.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/" target="_blank">水</a> 2008-08-27 18:09 <a href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/08/27/60175.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>TCP/IP详解读书笔记（第10章动态选路协议） </title><link>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/08/21/59542.html</link><dc:creator>水</dc:creator><author>水</author><pubDate>Thu, 21 Aug 2008 08:16:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/08/21/59542.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/59542.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/08/21/59542.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>4</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/commentRss/59542.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/services/trackbacks/59542.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 摘要:    在前面各章中，讨论了静态选路。在配置接口时，以默认方式生成路由表项（对于直接连接的接口），并通过route命令增加表项（通常从系统自引导程序文件），或是通过I MP重定向生成表项（通常是在默认方式出错的情况下）。<br>在网络很小，且与其他网络只有单个连接点且没有多余路由时（若主路由失败，可以使用备用路由），采用这种方法是可行的。如果上述三种情况不能全部满足，通常使用动态选路。<br>本章讨论动态选路协议，它用于路由器间的通信。我们主要讨论RIP，即选路信息协议(Routing Information Protocol)，大多数TCP/IP实现都提供这个应用广泛的协议。然后讨论两种新的选路协议，OSPF和BGP。<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href='http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/08/21/59542.html'>阅读全文</a><img src ="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/aggbug/59542.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/" target="_blank">水</a> 2008-08-21 16:16 <a href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/08/21/59542.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>TCP/IP详解读书笔记（第九章  IP选路）</title><link>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/18/53938.html</link><dc:creator>水</dc:creator><author>水</author><pubDate>Wed, 18 Jun 2008 15:08:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/18/53938.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/53938.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/18/53938.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>3</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/commentRss/53938.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/services/trackbacks/53938.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 摘要: 选路是IP最重要的功能之一。图1是IP层处理过程的简单流程。需要进行选路的数据报<br><br>可以由本地主机产生，也可以由其他主机产生。在后一种情况下，主机必须配置成一个路由<br><br>器，否则通过网络接口接收到的数据报，如果目的地址不是本机就要被丢弃。&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href='http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/18/53938.html'>阅读全文</a><img src ="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/aggbug/53938.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/" target="_blank">水</a> 2008-06-18 23:08 <a href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/18/53938.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>TCP/IP详解读书笔记（第八章 Traceroute程序）</title><link>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/12/53069.html</link><dc:creator>水</dc:creator><author>水</author><pubDate>Thu, 12 Jun 2008 14:46:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/12/53069.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/53069.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/12/53069.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>2</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/commentRss/53069.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/services/trackbacks/53069.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 摘要: 由Van Jacobson编写的Traceroute程序是一个能更深入探索TCP/IP协议的方便可用的工具。Traceroute程序可以让我们看到IP数据报从一台主机传到另一台主机所经过的路由。并且还可以让我们使用IP源路由选项。&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href='http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/12/53069.html'>阅读全文</a><img src ="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/aggbug/53069.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/" target="_blank">水</a> 2008-06-12 22:46 <a href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/12/53069.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>TCP/IP详解读书笔记（第七章 Ping程序） </title><link>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/10/52810.html</link><dc:creator>水</dc:creator><author>水</author><pubDate>Tue, 10 Jun 2008 15:17:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/10/52810.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/52810.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/10/52810.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>5</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/commentRss/52810.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/services/trackbacks/52810.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 摘要: TCP/IP详解读书笔记（第七章 Ping程序） <br>Ping程序由Mike Muuss编写，目的是为了测试另一台主机是否可达。该程序发送一份ICMP回显请求报文给主机，并等待返回ICMP回显应答。&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href='http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/10/52810.html'>阅读全文</a><img src ="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/aggbug/52810.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/" target="_blank">水</a> 2008-06-10 23:17 <a href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/10/52810.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>TCP/IP详解读书笔记（第六章 ICMP：Internet控制报文协议） </title><link>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/07/52454.html</link><dc:creator>水</dc:creator><author>水</author><pubDate>Sat, 07 Jun 2008 09:16:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/07/52454.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/52454.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/07/52454.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/commentRss/52454.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/services/trackbacks/52454.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 摘要: TCP/IP详解读书笔记（第六章 ICMP：Internet控制报文协议） <br>ICMP是IP层的一个组成部分，它传递查询报文和差错报文，ICMP报文通常被IP层或更高层协议（TCP或UDP）使用，它是在IP数据包内被传输的&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href='http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/07/52454.html'>阅读全文</a><img src ="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/aggbug/52454.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/" target="_blank">水</a> 2008-06-07 17:16 <a href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/07/52454.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>TCP/IP详解读书笔记（第五章 RARP：逆地址解析协议）</title><link>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/05/52297.html</link><dc:creator>水</dc:creator><author>水</author><pubDate>Thu, 05 Jun 2008 13:20:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/05/52297.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/52297.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/05/52297.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>1</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/commentRss/52297.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/services/trackbacks/52297.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 摘要: TCP/IP详解读书笔记（第五章 RARP：逆地址解析协议）<br>具有本地磁盘的系统引导时，一般是从磁盘上的配置文件中读取IP地址。但是无盘机，如X终端或无盘工作站，则需要采用其他方法来获得IP地址。网络上的每个系统都具有唯一的硬件地址，它是由网络接口生产厂家配置的。无盘系统的RARP实现过程是从接口卡上读取唯一的硬件地址，然后发送一份RARP请求（一帧在网络上广播的数据），请求某个主机响应该无盘系统的IP地址（在RARP应答中）。&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href='http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/05/52297.html'>阅读全文</a><img src ="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/aggbug/52297.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/" target="_blank">水</a> 2008-06-05 21:20 <a href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/05/52297.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>TCP/IP详解读书笔记（第四章  ARP：地址解析协议）</title><link>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/05/52293.html</link><dc:creator>水</dc:creator><author>水</author><pubDate>Thu, 05 Jun 2008 12:51:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/05/52293.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/52293.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/05/52293.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/commentRss/52293.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/services/trackbacks/52293.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 摘要: TCP/IP详解读书笔记（第四章  ARP：地址解析协议） &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href='http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/05/52293.html'>阅读全文</a><img src ="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/aggbug/52293.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/" target="_blank">水</a> 2008-06-05 20:51 <a href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/06/05/52293.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>TCP/IP详解读书笔记（第三章 网际协议） </title><link>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/05/12/49668.html</link><dc:creator>水</dc:creator><author>水</author><pubDate>Mon, 12 May 2008 14:00:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/05/12/49668.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/49668.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/05/12/49668.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>1</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/commentRss/49668.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/services/trackbacks/49668.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 摘要: IP是TCP/IP协议族中最为核心的协议。所有的TCP、UDP、ICMP及IGMP数据都以IP数据报格式传输...&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href='http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/05/12/49668.html'>阅读全文</a><img src ="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/aggbug/49668.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/" target="_blank">水</a> 2008-05-12 22:00 <a href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/05/12/49668.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>TCP/IP详解读书笔记（第二章）</title><link>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/04/18/47541.html</link><dc:creator>水</dc:creator><author>水</author><pubDate>Fri, 18 Apr 2008 13:58:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/04/18/47541.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/47541.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/04/18/47541.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>3</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/commentRss/47541.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/services/trackbacks/47541.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第二章</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">链路层</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang=EN-US><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">在</span><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">TCP/IP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">协议族中，链路层主要有三个目的：（<span lang=EN-US>1</span>）为</span><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">IP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">模块发送和接收</span><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">IP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">数据报；（<span lang=EN-US>2</span>）为</span><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">ARP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">模块发送</span><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">ARP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">请求和接收</span><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">ARP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">应答；（<span lang=EN-US>3</span>）为<span lang=EN-US>R</span></span><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">ARP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">发送<span lang=EN-US>R</span></span><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">ARP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">请求和接收<span lang=EN-US>R</span></span><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">ARP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">应答。</span><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">TCP/IP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">支持多种不同的链路层协议，这取决于网络所使用的硬件，如以太网、令牌环网、</span><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">FDDI</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">（光纤分布式数据接口）及</span><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">RS-232</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">串行线路等。<span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">以太网和</span><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">IEEE 802</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">封装<span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">以太网这个术语一般是指数字设备公司（<span lang=EN-US> Digital Equipment Corp.</span>）、英特尔公司和<span lang=EN-US>Xerox</span>公司在<span lang=EN-US>1982</span>年联合公布的一个标准。它是当今<span lang=EN-US>TCP/IP</span>采用的主要的局域网技术。它采用一种称作<span lang=EN-US>CSMA/CD</span>的媒体接入方法，其意思是带冲突检测的载波侦听多路接入（<span lang=EN-US>Carrier Sense, Multiple Access with Collision Detection</span>）。它的速率为<span lang=EN-US>10 Mb/s</span>，地址为<span lang=EN-US>48 bit</span>。<span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">IEEE</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">（电子电气工程师协会）<span lang=EN-US>802</span>委员会公布了一个稍有不同的标准集，其中<span lang=EN-US>802.3</span>针对整个<span lang=EN-US>CSMA/CD</span>网络，<span lang=EN-US>802.4</span>针对令牌总线网络，<span lang=EN-US>802.5</span>针对令牌环网络。这三者的共同特性由<span lang=EN-US>802.2</span>标准来定义，那就是<span lang=EN-US>802</span>网络共有的逻辑链路控制（<span lang=EN-US>LLC</span>）。<span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">在<span lang=EN-US>TCP/IP</span>世界中，以太网<span lang=EN-US>IP</span>数据报的封装是在<span lang=EN-US>RFC 894[Hornig 1984]</span>中定义的，<span lang=EN-US>IEEE 802</span>网络的<span lang=EN-US>IP</span>数据报封装是在<span lang=EN-US>RFC 1042[Postel and Reynolds 1988]</span>中定义的。主机需求<span lang=EN-US>RFC</span>要求每台<span lang=EN-US>Internet</span>主机都与一个<span lang=EN-US>10 Mb/s</span>的以太网电缆相连接：<span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">1) </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">必须能发送和接收采用<span lang=EN-US>RFC 894</span>（以太网）封装格式的分组。<span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">2) </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">应该能接收与<span lang=EN-US>RFC 894</span>混合的<span lang=EN-US>RFC 1042</span>（<span lang=EN-US>IEEE 802</span>）封装格式的分组。<span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">3) </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">也许能够发送采用<span lang=EN-US>RFC 1042</span>格式封装的分组。如果主机能同时发送两种类型的分组数<span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">据，那么发送的分组必须是可以设置的，而且默认条件下必须是<span lang=EN-US>RFC 894</span>分组。<span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">SLIP</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">：串行线路<span lang=EN-US>IP<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">SLIP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">的全称是<span lang=EN-US>Serial Line IP</span>。它是一种在串行线路上对<span lang=EN-US>IP</span>数据报进行封装的简单形式，在<span lang=EN-US>RFC 1055[Romkey 1988]</span>中有详细描述。<span lang=EN-US>SLIP</span>适用于家庭中每台计算机几乎都有的<span lang=EN-US>RS-232</span>串行端口和高速调制解调器接入<span lang=EN-US>Internet</span>。<span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">压缩的<span lang=EN-US>SLIP<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">由于串行线路的速率通常较低（<span lang=EN-US> 19200 b/s</span>或更低），而且通信经常是交互式的（如<span lang=EN-US>Telnet</span>和<span lang=EN-US>Rlogin</span>，二者都使用<span lang=EN-US>TCP</span>），因此在<span lang=EN-US>SLIP</span>线路上有许多小的<span lang=EN-US>TCP</span>分组进行交换。为了传送<span lang=EN-US>1</span>个字节的数据需要<span lang=EN-US>20</span>个字节的<span lang=EN-US>IP</span>首部和<span lang=EN-US>20</span>个字节的<span lang=EN-US>TCP</span>首部，总数超过<span lang=EN-US>40</span>个字节<span lang=EN-US>, </span>于是人们提出一个被称作<span lang=EN-US>CSLIP</span>（即压缩<span lang=EN-US>SLIP</span>）的新协议，它在<span lang=EN-US>RFC 1144[Jacobson <st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="1990" UnitName="a">1990a</st1:chmetcnv>]</span>中被详细描述。<span lang=EN-US>CSLIP</span>一般能把上面的<span lang=EN-US>40</span>个字节压缩到<span lang=EN-US>3</span>或<span lang=EN-US>5</span>个字节。<span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">PPP</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">：点对点协议<span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">PPP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">，点对点协议修改了<span lang=EN-US>SLIP</span>协议中的所有缺陷。<span lang=EN-US>PPP</span>包括以下三个部分：<span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">1) </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">在串行链路上封装<span lang=EN-US>IP</span>数据报的方法。<span lang=EN-US>PPP</span>既支持数据为<span lang=EN-US>8</span>位和无奇偶检验的异步模式（如大多数计算机上都普遍存在的串行接口），还支持面向比特的同步链接。<span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">2) </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">建立、配置及测试数据链路的链路控制协议（<span lang=EN-US> LCP</span>：<span lang=EN-US>Link Control Protocol</span>）。它允许通信双方进行协商，以确定不同的选项。<span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">3) </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">针对不同网络层协议的网络控制协议（<span lang=EN-US>NCP</span>：<span lang=EN-US>Network Control Protocol</span>）体系。当前<span lang=EN-US>RFC</span>定义的网络层有<span lang=EN-US>IP</span>、<span lang=EN-US>OSI</span>网络层、<span lang=EN-US>DECnet</span>以及<span lang=EN-US>Apple Talk</span>。例如，<span lang=EN-US>IP NCP</span>允许双方商定是否对报文首部进行压缩，类似于<span lang=EN-US>CSLIP</span>（缩写词<span lang=EN-US>NCP</span>也可用在<span lang=EN-US>TCP</span>的前面）。<span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">RFC 1548[Simpson 1993]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">描述了报文封装的方法和链路控制协议。<span lang=EN-US>RFC 1332[McGregor<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">1 9 9 2 ]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">描述了针对<span lang=EN-US>IP</span>的网络控制协议。<span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">环回接口<span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">大多数的产品都支持环回接口（<span lang=EN-US> Loopback Interface</span>），以允许运行在同一台主机上的客户程序和服务器程序通过<span lang=EN-US>TCP/IP</span>进行通信。<span lang=EN-US>A</span>类网络号<span lang=EN-US>127</span>就是为环回接口预留的。根据惯例，大多数系统把<span lang=EN-US>IP</span>地址<span lang=EN-US>127.0.0.1</span>分配给这个接口，并命名为<span lang=EN-US>localhost</span>。一个传给环回接口的<span lang=EN-US>IP</span>数据报不能在任何网络上出现。但是大多数的产品还是照样完成传输层和网络层的所有过程，只是当<span lang=EN-US>IP</span>数据报离开网络层时把它返回给自己。<span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">最大传输单元<span lang=EN-US>MTU<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">以太网和<span lang=EN-US>802.3</span>对数据帧的长度都有一个限制，其最大值分别是<span lang=EN-US>1500</span>和<span lang=EN-US>1492</span>字节。链路层的这个特性称作<span lang=EN-US>MTU</span>，最大传输单元。不同类型的网络大多数都有一个上限。如果<span lang=EN-US>IP</span>层有一个数据报要传，而且数据的长度比链路层的<span lang=EN-US>MTU</span>还大，那么<span lang=EN-US>IP</span>层就需要进行分片（<span lang=EN-US> fragmentation</span>），把数据报分成若干片，这样每一片都小于<span lang=EN-US>MTU</span>。<span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">路径<span lang=EN-US>MTU<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">当在同一个网络上的两台主机互相进行通信时，该网络的<span lang=EN-US>MTU</span>是非常重要的。但是如果两台主机之间的通信要通过多个网络，那么每个网络的链路层就可能有不同的<span lang=EN-US>MTU</span>。重要的不是两台主机所在网络的<span lang=EN-US>MTU</span>的值，而是两台通信主机路径中的最小<span lang=EN-US>MTU</span>。它被称作路径<span lang=EN-US>MTU</span>。<span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdobeSongStd-Light">两台主机之间的路径<span lang=EN-US>MTU</span>不一定是个常数。它取决于当时所选择的路由。而选路不一定是对称的（从<span lang=EN-US>A</span>到<span lang=EN-US>B</span>的路由可能与从<span lang=EN-US>B</span>到<span lang=EN-US>A</span>的路由不同），因此路径<span lang=EN-US>MTU</span>在两个方向上不一定是一致的。<span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<img src ="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/aggbug/47541.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/" target="_blank">水</a> 2008-04-18 21:58 <a href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/04/18/47541.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>TCP/IP详解读书笔记（第一章）</title><link>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/04/17/47420.html</link><dc:creator>水</dc:creator><author>水</author><pubDate>Thu, 17 Apr 2008 10:45:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/04/17/47420.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/47420.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/04/17/47420.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>8</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/comments/commentRss/47420.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/services/trackbacks/47420.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">1</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">章</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">概述</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><span lang=EN-US>TCP/IP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">起源于</span><span lang=EN-US>60</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年代末美国政府资助的一个分组交换网络研究项目，到</span><span lang=EN-US>90</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年代已发展成为计算机之间最常应用的组网形式。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分层</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">网络协议通常分不同层次进行开发，每一层分别负责不同的通信功能。一个协议族，比如</span><span lang=EN-US><span lang=EN-US>TCP/IP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，是一组不同层次上的多个协议的组合。</span><span lang=EN-US><span lang=EN-US>TCP/IP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">通常被认为是一个四层协议系统,</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">每一层负责不同的功能：</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang=EN-US>1) </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">链路层，有时也称作数据链路层或网络接口层，通常包括操作系统中的设备驱动程序和计算机中对应的网络接口卡。它们一起处理与电缆（或其他任何传输媒介）的物理接口细节。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang=EN-US>2) </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">网络层，有时也称作互联网层，处理分组在网络中的活动，例如分组的选路。在</span><span lang=EN-US><span lang=EN-US>TCP/IP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">协议族中，网络层协议包括</span><span lang=EN-US>IP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">协议（网际协议），</span><span lang=EN-US>ICMP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">协议（</span><span lang=EN-US>Internet</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">互联网控</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">制报文协议），以及</span><span lang=EN-US>IGMP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">协议（</span><span lang=EN-US>Internet</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">组管理协议）。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang=EN-US>3 ) </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">运输层主要为两台主机上的应用程序提供端到端的通信。在</span><span lang=EN-US><span lang=EN-US>TCP/IP</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">协议族中，有两个互不相同的传输协议：</span><span lang=EN-US> TCP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（传输控制协议）和</span><span lang=EN-US>UDP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（用户数据报协议）。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang=EN-US>TCP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为两台主机提供高可靠性的数据通信。它所做的工作包括把应用程序交给它的数据分</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">成合适的小块交给下面的网络层，确认接收到的分组，设置发送最后确认分组的超时时钟</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等。由于运输层提供了高可靠性的端到端的通信，因此应用层可以忽略所有这些细节。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang=EN-US>UDP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">则为应用层提供一种非常简单的服务。它只是把称作数据报的分组</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">从一台主机发送到另一台主机，但并不保证该数据报能到达另一端。任何必需的可靠性必须由应用层来提供。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang=EN-US>4 ) </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">应用层负责处理特定的应用程序细节。几乎各种不同的</span><span lang=EN-US>TCP/IP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">实现都会提供下面这些</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">通用的应用程序：</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang=EN-US>&#8226; Telnet </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">远程登录。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang=EN-US>&#8226; FTP </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">文件传输协议。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang=EN-US>&#8226; SMTP </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">简单邮件传送协议。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang=EN-US>&#8226; SNMP </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">简单网络管理协议。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang=EN-US><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">互联网地址</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">(IP</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地址</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">)<o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><span lang=EN-US><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/11165.htm" target=_blank><span style="COLOR: windowtext; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none">Internet</span></a> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上的每台主机</span><span lang=EN-US>(<a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/207706.htm" target=_blank><span style="COLOR: windowtext; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none">Host</span></a>)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">都有一个唯一的</span><span lang=EN-US>IP<a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/494802.htm" target=_blank><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-underline: none"><span lang=EN-US>地址</span></span></a></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</span><span lang=EN-US><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/2802.htm" target=_blank><span style="COLOR: windowtext; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none">IP</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-underline: none"><span lang=EN-US>协议</span></span></a></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">就是使用这个地址在主机之间传递信息，这是</span><span lang=EN-US>Internet </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">能够运行的基础。</span><span lang=EN-US>IP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地址的长度为</span><span lang=EN-US>32</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">位，分为</span><span lang=EN-US>4</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">段，每段</span><span lang=EN-US>8</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">位，用十进制数字表示，每段数字范围为</span><span lang=EN-US>0</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</span><span lang=EN-US>255</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，段与段之间用句点隔开。例如</span><span lang=EN-US>159.226.1.1</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</span><span lang=EN-US>IP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地址有两部分组成，一部分为网络地址，另一部分为主机地址。</span><span lang=EN-US>IP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地址分为</span><span lang=EN-US>A</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</span><span lang=EN-US>B</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</span><span lang=EN-US>C</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</span><span lang=EN-US>D</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</span><span lang=EN-US>E5</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">类。常用的是</span><span lang=EN-US>B</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</span><span lang=EN-US>C</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">两类。</span><span lang=EN-US>ip</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地址就像是我们的家庭住址一样，如果你要写信给一个人，你就要知道他（她）的地址，这样邮递员才能把信送到，计算机发送信息是就好比是邮递员，它必须知道唯一的</span><span lang=EN-US>&#8220;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">家庭地址</span><span lang=EN-US>&#8221;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">才能不至于把信送错人家。只不过我们的地址使用文字来表示的，计算机的地址用十进制数字表示。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang=EN-US>IP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地址分类</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang=EN-US>1</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</span><span lang=EN-US>A</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">类</span><span lang=EN-US>IP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地址</span> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一个</span><span lang=EN-US>A</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">类</span><span lang=EN-US>IP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地址由</span><span lang=EN-US>1</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节的网络地址和</span><span lang=EN-US>3</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节主机地址组成，网络地址的最高位必须是</span><span lang=EN-US>&#8220;<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="0" UnitName="&#8221;">0&#8221;</st1:chmetcnv></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</span> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地址范围从</span><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="30" Month="12" Year="1899"><span lang=EN-US>0.0.0</span></st1:chsdate><span lang=EN-US>.1 </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">到</span><span lang=EN-US>126.0.0.0</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。可用的</span><span lang=EN-US>A</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">类网络有</span><span lang=EN-US>126</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个，每个网络能容纳</span><span lang=EN-US>1</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亿多个主机。</span> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang=EN-US>2</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</span><span lang=EN-US>B</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">类</span><span lang=EN-US>IP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地址</span> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一个</span><span lang=EN-US>B</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">类</span><span lang=EN-US>IP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地址由</span><span lang=EN-US>2</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个字节的网络地址和</span><span lang=EN-US>2</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个字节的主机地址组成，网络地址的最高位必须是</span><span lang=EN-US>&#8220;<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="10" UnitName="&#8221;">10&#8221;</st1:chmetcnv></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，地址范围从</span><span lang=EN-US>128.0.0.0</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">到</span><span lang=EN-US>191.255.255.255</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。可用的</span><span lang=EN-US>B</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">类网络有</span><span lang=EN-US>16382</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个，每个网络能容纳</span><span lang=EN-US>6</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万多个主机</span> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</span> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang=EN-US>3</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</span><span lang=EN-US>C</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">类</span><span lang=EN-US>IP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地址</span> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一个</span><span lang=EN-US>C</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">类</span><span lang=EN-US>IP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地址由</span><span lang=EN-US>3</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节的网络地址和</span><span lang=EN-US>1</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节的主机地址组成，网络地址的最高位必须是</span><span lang=EN-US>&#8220;<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="110" UnitName="&#8221;">110&#8221;</st1:chmetcnv></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。范围从</span><span lang=EN-US>192.0.0.0</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">到</span><span lang=EN-US>223.255.255.255</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</span><span lang=EN-US>C</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">类网络可达</span><span lang=EN-US>209</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万余个，每个网络能容纳</span><span lang=EN-US>254</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个主机。</span> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang=EN-US>4</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</span><span lang=EN-US>D</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">类地址用于多点广播（</span><span lang=EN-US>Multicast</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。</span> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang=EN-US>D</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">类</span><span lang=EN-US>IP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地址第一个字节以</span><span lang=EN-US>&#8220;111<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="0" UnitName="&#8221;">0&#8221;</st1:chmetcnv></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">开始，它是一个专门保留的地址。它并不指向特定的网络，目前这一类地址被用在多点广播（</span><span lang=EN-US>Multicast</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）中。多点广播地址用来一次寻址一组计算机，它标识共享同一协议的一组计算机。</span> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang=EN-US>5</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</span><span lang=EN-US>E</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">类</span><span lang=EN-US>IP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地址</span> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以</span><span lang=EN-US>&#8220;11110&#8221;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">开始，为将来使用保留。</span> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">全零（</span><span lang=EN-US>&#8220;0</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.</span><span lang=EN-US>0</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.</span><span lang=EN-US>0</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.</span><span lang=EN-US>0&#8221;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）地址对应于当前主机。全</span><span lang=EN-US>&#8220;<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="1" UnitName="&#8221;">1&#8221;</st1:chmetcnv></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的</span><span lang=EN-US>IP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地址（</span><span lang=EN-US>&#8220;255</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.</span><span lang=EN-US>255</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.</span><span lang=EN-US>255</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.</span><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="255" UnitName="&#8221;"><span lang=EN-US>255&#8221;</span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）是当前子网的广播地址。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">什么是公有地址和私有地址</span><span lang=EN-US>?</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公有地址（</span><span lang=EN-US>Public address</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）由</span><span lang=EN-US>Inter NIC</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</span><span lang=EN-US>Internet Network Information Center </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因特网信息中心）负责。这些</span><span lang=EN-US>IP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地址分配给注册并向</span><span lang=EN-US>Inter NIC</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">提出申请的组织机构。通过它直接访问因特网。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">私有地址（</span><span lang=EN-US>Private address</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）属于非注册地址，专门为组织机构内部使用。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以下列出留用的内部私有地址</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt"><span lang=EN-US>A</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">类</span><span lang=EN-US> <st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="30" Month="12" Year="1899">10.0.0</st1:chsdate>.0--10.255.255.255</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt"><span lang=EN-US>B</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">类</span><span lang=EN-US> 172.16.0.0--172.31.255.255</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt"><span lang=EN-US>C</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">类</span><span lang=EN-US> 192.168.0.0--192.168.255.255</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">封装与分用</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">当应用程序用</span><span lang=EN-US>TCP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">传送数据时，数据被送入协议栈中，然后逐个通过每一层直到被当作一串比特流送入网络。其中每一层对收到的数据都要增加一些首部信息（有时还要增加尾部信息）。</span><span lang=EN-US>TCP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">传给</span><span lang=EN-US>IP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的数据单元称作</span><span lang=EN-US>TCP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">报文段或简称为</span><span lang=EN-US>TCP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">段（</span><span lang=EN-US>TCP segment</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。</span><span lang=EN-US>IP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">传给网络接口层的数据单元称作</span><span lang=EN-US>IP</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">数据报</span><span lang=EN-US>(IP datagram)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。通过以太网传输的比特流称作帧</span><span lang=EN-US>(Frame)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">当目的主机收到一个以太网数据帧时，数据就开始从协议栈中由底向上升，同时去掉各</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">层协议加上的报文首部。每层协议盒都要去检查报文首部中的协议标识，以确定接收数据的</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上层协议。这个过程称作分用（</span><span lang=EN-US> Demultiplexing</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">客户</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">-</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务器模型</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">大部分网络应用程序在编写时都假设一端是客户，另一端是服务器，其目的是为了让服</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">务器为客户提供一些特定的服务。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">端口号</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">通过端口号来识别应用程序</span></p>
<img src ="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/aggbug/47420.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/" target="_blank">水</a> 2008-04-17 18:45 <a href="http://www.cppblog.com/aurain/archive/2008/04/17/47420.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item></channel></rss>