SQL 考试总结

Tue, 28 Oct 2008 05:18:00 GMT

1.数据类型：binary image char text datetime smalldatetime decimal

float real bigint money nchar

2.USE bookshopdb

CREATE TABLE Authors

( AuthorID SMALLINT IDENTITY(101,1) NOT NULL,

FirstName VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'unknown',

LastName VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,

YearBorn CHAR(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT ' N/A ',

YearDied CHAR(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT ' N/A ',

Description VARCHAR(200) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N/A' )

CREATE TABLE BookAuthors

( AuthorID SMALLINT NOT NULL,

TitleID CHAR(8) NOT NULL )

CREATE TABLE BookCondition

( ConditionID TINYINT NOT NULL,

ConditionName CHAR(10) NOT NULL,

Description VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N/A' )

3.sp_rename，sp_changeobjectowner，ALTER TABLE ，

CREATE TABLE doc_exa ( column_a INT)

ALTER TABLE doc_exa ADD column_b VARCHAR(20) NULL

EXEC sp_help doc_exa

DROP TABLE doc_exa

CREATE TABLE cnst_example

( id INT NOT NULL,

name VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,

salary MONEY NOT NULL

CONSTRAINT salary_cap CHECK (salary < 100000) )

--- INSERT INTO cnst_example VALUES (2,'Mary Smith',75000)

--- INSERT INTO cnst_example VALUES (3,'Pat Jones',105000)

ALTER TABLE cnst_example NOCHECK CONSTRAINT salary_cap

--- INSERT INTO cnst_example VALUES (3,'Pat Jones',105000)

4.Private Temporary Tables (#)

Global Temporary Tables (##)

CREATE TABLE #TEMP002(EID INT) GO

INSERT INTO #TEMP002(EID) VALUES (3) GO

SELECT * FROM #TEMP002 GO

DROP TABLE #TEMP002 GO

CREATE TABLE ##TEMP001(EID INT)

5.CREATE TABLE Table1

( Col1 INT PRIMARY KEY,

Col2 VARCHAR(30) )

CREATE TABLE Table1

( Col1 INT,

Col2 VARCHAR(30),

CONSTRAINT table_pk PRIMARY KEY (Col1) )

ALTER TABLE Table1

ADD CONSTRAINT table_pk PRIMARY KEY (Col1)

6.UNIQUE Constraints

If a column (or combination of columns) is not the primary key. Multiple UNIQUE

constraints can be defined on a table, whereas only one PRIMARY KEY constraint can be

defined on a table.

If a column allows null values. UNIQUE constraints can be defined for columns that

allow null values, whereas PRIMARY KEY constraints can be defined only on columns that

do not allow null values.

CREATE TABLE Authors

( AuthorID SMALLINT IDENTITY(101,1) NOT NULL,

FirstName VARCHAR(8) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'unknown')

A foreign key is a column or combination of columns used to establish and enforce a

link between the data in two tables.

CREATE TABLE Table1

( Col1 INT PRIMARY KEY,

Col2 INT REFERENCES Employees(EmployeeID) )

CREATE TABLE Table1

( Col1 INT PRIMARY KEY,

Col2 INT,

CONSTRAINT col2_fk FOREIGN KEY (Col2)

REFERENCES Employees (EmployeeID) )

ALTER TABLE Table1

ADD CONSTRAINT col2_fk FOREIGN KEY (Col2)

REFERENCES Employees (EmployeeID)

CHECK Constraints

CHECK constraints enforce domain integrity by limiting the values that are

accepted by a column.

CREATE TABLE Table1

( Col1 INT PRIMARY KEY,

Col2 INT CONSTRAINT limit_amount

CHECK (Col2 BETWEEN 0 AND 1000),

Col3 VARCHAR(30) )

CREATE TABLE Table1

( Col1 INT PRIMARY KEY,

Col2 INT,

Col3 VARCHAR(30), CONSTRAINT limit_amount

CHECK (Col2 BETWEEN 0 AND 1000) )

ALTER TABLE Table1 ADD CONSTRAINT limit_amount

CHECK (Col2 BETWEEN 0 AND 1000)

10.

SELECT select_list

[INTO new_table_name]

FROM table_list

[WHERE search_conditions]

[GROUP BY group_by_list]

[HAVING search_conditions]

[ORDER BY order_list [ASC | DESC] ]

The DISTINCT Keyword: eliminates duplicate rows from a result set.

SELECT DISTINCT ShipCity, ShipRegion

FROM Orders

ORDER BY ShipCity

The TOP n Keyword: specifies that the first n rows of the result set are to be

returned.

SELECT DISTINCT TOP 10 ShipCity, ShipRegion

FROM Orders

ORDER BY ShipCity

The AS Keyword: You can improve the readability of a SELECT statement by giving a

table an alias

table_name AS table_alias or table_name table_alias

SELECT p.pub_id, p.pub_name

FROM publishers AS p

Types of Information in the Select List:

SELECT FirstName + ' ' + LastName AS "Employee Name",

IDENTITYCOL AS "Employee ID", HomePhone, Region

FROM Northwind.dbo.Employees

ORDER BY LastName, FirstName ASC

11.

% Any string of zero or more characters.

_ Any single character.

[ ] Any single character within the specified range (for example, [a-f]) or the

specified set (for example, [abcdef]).

[^] Any single character not within the specified range (for example, [^a-f]) or

the specified set (for example, [^abcdef]).

SELECT ContactName

FROM Customers

WHERE ContactName LIKE 'M[^a]%'

12.

SELECT ContactName

FROM dbo.Customers

WHERE ContactName LIKE 'M[^a]%'

UNION ALL

SELECT ContactName

FROM dbo.Customers

WHERE ContactName LIKE 'M[a-d]%'

13.

SELECT FirstName, LastName

INTO EmployeeNames

FROM Employers

14.

SELECT OrdD1.OrderID AS OrderID,

SUM(OrdD1.Quantity) AS "Units Sold",

SUM(OrdD1.UnitPrice * OrdD1.Quantity) AS Revenue

FROM [Order Details] AS OrdD1

WHERE OrdD1.OrderID in

(SELECT DISTINCT OrdD2.OrderID

FROM [Order Details] AS OrdD2

WHERE OrdD2.UnitPrice > $100)

GROUP BY OrdD1.OrderID

HAVING SUM(OrdD1.Quantity) > 100

15.

USE Pubs

SELECT Pub_id, Type, Title_id, Price

FROM Titles

ORDER BY Pub_id DESC, Type, Price

16.

Most joins can be categorized as inner joins or outer joins. Inner joins return rows

only when there is at least one row from both tables that matches the join condition,

eliminating the rows that do not match with a row from the other table. Outer joins,

however, return all rows from at least one of the tables or views mentioned in the

FROM clause as long as these rows meet any WHERE or HAVING search conditions. You can

also create cross-joins and self-joins.

17.

SELECT t.Title, p.Pub_name

FROM Publishers AS p INNER JOIN Titles AS t

ON p.Pub_id = t.Pub_id

ORDER BY Title ASC

18.

SELECT a.Au_fname, a.Au_lname, p.Pub_name

FROM Authors a LEFT OUTER JOIN Publishers p

ON a.City = p.City

ORDER BY p.Pub_name ASC, a.Au_lname ASC, a.Au_fname ASC

USE Pubs

SELECT a.Au_fname, a.Au_lname, p.Pub_name

FROM Authors a RIGHT OUTER JOIN Publishers p

ON a.City = p.City

ORDER BY p.Pub_name ASC, a.Au_lname ASC, a.Au_fname ASC

USE Pubs

SELECT a.Au_fname, a.Au_lname, p.Pub_name

FROM Authors a FULL OUTER JOIN Publishers p

ON a.City = p.City

ORDER BY p.Pub_name ASC, a.Au_lname ASC, a.Au_fname ASC

USE Northwind

SELECT ProductName

FROM Products

WHERE UnitPrice = (

SELECT UnitPrice

FROM Products

WHERE ProductName = 'Sir Rodney''s Scones' )

WHERE [NOT] IN ()

WHERE [ANY | ALL] ()

WHERE [NOT] EXISTS ()

USE Pubs

SELECT Pub_name

FROM Publishers

WHERE Pub_id IN ( SELECT Pub_id FROM Titles WHERE Type = 'business' )

USE Pubs

SELECT Title

FROM Titles WHERE Advance > ANY (

SELECT Advance

FROM Publishers INNER JOIN Titles ON Titles.Pub_id = Publishers.Pub_id AND Pub_name =

'Algodata Infosystems' )

USE Pubs

SELECT Pub_name

FROM Publishers

WHERE EXISTS (

SELECT *

FROM Titles

WHERE Titles.Pub_id = Publishers.Pub_id AND

Type = 'business' )

AVG(expression)

COUNT(expression)

COUNT(*)

MAX(expression)

MIN(expression)

SUM(expression)

19.

Using the CUBE Operator to Summarize Data

The CUBE operator generates a result set that is a multi-dimensional cube. A

multi-dimensional cube is an expansion of fact data, or data that records individual

events. The expansion is based on columns that the user wants to analyze. These

columns are called dimensions. The cube is a result set containing a cross-tabulation

of all the possible combinations of the dimensions.

The following SELECT statement uses the CUBE operator in the GROUP BY clause:

USE Pubs

SELECT SUBSTRING(Title, 1, 65) AS Title, SUM(qty) AS 'Quantity'

FROM Sales INNER JOIN Titles

ON Sales.Title_id = Titles.Title_id

GROUP BY Title WITH CUBE

ORDER BY Title

20.

USE Pubs

INSERT INTO NewBooks (BookTitle, BookType)

SELECT Title, Type

FROM Titles WHERE Type = 'mod_cook'

CREATE DEFAULT bound_default AS 'Bound default value'

CREATE TABLE T1 ( column_1 int identity,

column_2 varchar(30)

CONSTRAINT default_name DEFAULT ('column default'), column_3

timestamp,

column_4 varchar(30),

column_5 int NULL)

USE master

EXEC sp_bindefault 'bound_default','T1.column_4'

INSERT INTO T1 DEFAULT VALUES

-- SELECT * FROM T1

21.

UPDATE

table_name or view_name

SET

column_name = { expression | DEFAULT | NULL }

FROM table_source

WHERE search_condition

USE Pubs

UPDATE NewBooks

SET Price = Price * 1.1

USE Pubs

UPDATE NewBooks

SET Price = Titles.Price

FROM NewBooks JOIN Titles

ON NewBooks.BookTitle = Titles.Title

USE Pubs

UPDATE NewBooks

SET BookType = 'popular'

WHERE BookType = 'popular_comp‘

DELETE table_or_view

FROM table_source

WHERE search_condition

Example:

USE Pubs

DELETE NewBooks

FROM Titles

WHERE NewBooks.BookTitle = Titles.Title AND Titles.Royalty = 10

雪竹的天空( theorix ) 2008-10-28 13:18 发表评论

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Sun, 31 Aug 2008 18:23:00 GMT

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梨花香却让人心感伤

愁断肠千杯酒解思量

莫相望旧时人新模样思望乡

为情伤世间事皆无常

笑沧桑万行泪化寒窗

勿彷徨脱素裹着春装忆流芳

笑我太过痴狂

雪竹的天空( theorix ) 2008-09-01 02:23 发表评论

MY LOVE WILL GET YOU HOME

Sat, 30 Aug 2008 16:46:00 GMT

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雪竹的天空( theorix ) 2008-08-31 00:46 发表评论

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SQL 考试总结

梨花香 (歌词)

MY LOVE WILL GET YOU HOME