﻿<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:trackback="http://madskills.com/public/xml/rss/module/trackback/" xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/" xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/"><channel><title>C++博客-技术，瞎侃，健康，休闲……-随笔分类-数据结构、算法</title><link>http://www.cppblog.com/mahudu/category/1980.html</link><description>mahu@cppblog
       人类的全部才能无非是时间和耐心的混合物</description><language>zh-cn</language><lastBuildDate>Wed, 21 May 2008 23:12:03 GMT</lastBuildDate><pubDate>Wed, 21 May 2008 23:12:03 GMT</pubDate><ttl>60</ttl><item><title>两个汉诺塔解法</title><link>http://www.cppblog.com/mahudu/archive/2006/06/29/9200.html</link><dc:creator>mahudu@cppblog</dc:creator><author>mahudu@cppblog</author><pubDate>Thu, 29 Jun 2006 14:07:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cppblog.com/mahudu/archive/2006/06/29/9200.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cppblog.com/mahudu/comments/9200.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cppblog.com/mahudu/archive/2006/06/29/9200.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>1</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cppblog.com/mahudu/comments/commentRss/9200.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cppblog.com/mahudu/services/trackbacks/9200.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[
		<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align="left">
				<span style="FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-no-proof: yes">第一个是递归版本的：（没什么意思）</span>
				<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-no-proof: yes">
						<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /?>
						<o:p>
						</o:p>
				</span>
		</p>
		<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align="left"> </p>
		<div style="BORDER-RIGHT: #cccccc 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; BORDER-TOP: #cccccc 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 4px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 4px; BORDER-LEFT: #cccccc 1px solid; WIDTH: 98%; WORD-BREAK: break-all; PADDING-TOP: 4px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #cccccc 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #eeeeee">
				<img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif" align="top" />
				<span style="COLOR: #000000">#include </span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000">iostream</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000">&gt;</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000">    <br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif" align="top" /></span>
				<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">using</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span>
				<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">namespace</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000"> std; <br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif" align="top" /><br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif" align="top" /></span>
				<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">void</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000"> move(</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">char</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000"> from, </span>
				<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">char</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000"> to) <br /><img id="Codehighlighter1_78_121_Open_Image" onclick="this.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_78_121_Open_Text.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_78_121_Closed_Image.style.display='inline'; Codehighlighter1_78_121_Closed_Text.style.display='inline';" src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" align="top" /><img id="Codehighlighter1_78_121_Closed_Image" style="DISPLAY: none" onclick="this.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_78_121_Closed_Text.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_78_121_Open_Image.style.display='inline'; Codehighlighter1_78_121_Open_Text.style.display='inline';" src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" align="top" /></span>
				<span id="Codehighlighter1_78_121_Closed_Text" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #808080 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #808080 1px solid; DISPLAY: none; BORDER-LEFT: #808080 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #808080 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff">
						<img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/dot.gif" />
				</span>
				<span id="Codehighlighter1_78_121_Open_Text">
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">{ <br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />    cout </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;&lt;</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> from </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;&lt;</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">"</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> to </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">"</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;&lt;</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> to </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;&lt;</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> endl; <br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockEnd.gif" align="top" />}</span>
				</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000"> <br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif" align="top" /><br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif" align="top" /></span>
				<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">void</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000"> hanoi (</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">int</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000"> n, </span>
				<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">char</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000"> from, </span>
				<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">char</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000"> to, </span>
				<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">char</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000"> bridge) <br /><img id="Codehighlighter1_178_319_Open_Image" onclick="this.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_178_319_Open_Text.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_178_319_Closed_Image.style.display='inline'; Codehighlighter1_178_319_Closed_Text.style.display='inline';" src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" align="top" /><img id="Codehighlighter1_178_319_Closed_Image" style="DISPLAY: none" onclick="this.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_178_319_Closed_Text.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_178_319_Open_Image.style.display='inline'; Codehighlighter1_178_319_Open_Text.style.display='inline';" src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" align="top" /></span>
				<span id="Codehighlighter1_178_319_Closed_Text" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #808080 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #808080 1px solid; DISPLAY: none; BORDER-LEFT: #808080 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #808080 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff">
						<img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/dot.gif" />
				</span>
				<span id="Codehighlighter1_178_319_Open_Text">
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">{ <br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />    </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">if</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">(n </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">==</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">1</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">) <br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />        move(from, to); <br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />    </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">else</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> <br /><img id="Codehighlighter1_221_316_Open_Image" onclick="this.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_221_316_Open_Text.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_221_316_Closed_Image.style.display='inline'; Codehighlighter1_221_316_Closed_Text.style.display='inline';" src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif" align="top" /><img id="Codehighlighter1_221_316_Closed_Image" style="DISPLAY: none" onclick="this.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_221_316_Closed_Text.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_221_316_Open_Image.style.display='inline'; Codehighlighter1_221_316_Open_Text.style.display='inline';" src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedSubBlock.gif" align="top" />    </span>
						<span id="Codehighlighter1_221_316_Closed_Text" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #808080 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #808080 1px solid; DISPLAY: none; BORDER-LEFT: #808080 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #808080 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff">
								<img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/dot.gif" />
						</span>
						<span id="Codehighlighter1_221_316_Open_Text">
								<span style="COLOR: #000000">{ <br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />        hanoi (n</span>
								<span style="COLOR: #000000">-</span>
								<span style="COLOR: #000000">1</span>
								<span style="COLOR: #000000">, from, bridge, to); <br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />        move(from ,bridge); <br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />        hanoi (n</span>
								<span style="COLOR: #000000">-</span>
								<span style="COLOR: #000000">1</span>
								<span style="COLOR: #000000">, bridge, from, to); <br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif" align="top" />    }</span>
						</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> <br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockEnd.gif" align="top" />}</span>
				</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000"> <br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif" align="top" /><br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif" align="top" /></span>
				<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">int</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000"> main() <br /><img id="Codehighlighter1_335_424_Open_Image" onclick="this.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_335_424_Open_Text.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_335_424_Closed_Image.style.display='inline'; Codehighlighter1_335_424_Closed_Text.style.display='inline';" src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" align="top" /><img id="Codehighlighter1_335_424_Closed_Image" style="DISPLAY: none" onclick="this.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_335_424_Closed_Text.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_335_424_Open_Image.style.display='inline'; Codehighlighter1_335_424_Open_Text.style.display='inline';" src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" align="top" /></span>
				<span id="Codehighlighter1_335_424_Closed_Text" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #808080 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #808080 1px solid; DISPLAY: none; BORDER-LEFT: #808080 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #808080 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff">
						<img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/dot.gif" />
				</span>
				<span id="Codehighlighter1_335_424_Open_Text">
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">{ <br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />    </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">int</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> n; <br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />     cout </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;&lt;</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">"</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">input n:\n</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">"</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">; <br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />     cin </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">&gt;&gt;</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> n; <br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />     hanoi (n, </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">'</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">A</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">'</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">, </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">'</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">C</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">'</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">, </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">'</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">B</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">'</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">); <br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />    </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">return</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">0</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">; <br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockEnd.gif" align="top" />} </span>
				</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000"> <br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif" align="top" /></span>
		</div>
		<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align="left"> </p>
		<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align="left">
				<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-no-proof: yes">
						<o:p> </o:p>
				</span>
		</p>
		<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align="left">
				<span style="FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-no-proof: yes">第二个是递归版本的：（没有用栈，因此还比较精妙）</span>
				<br />
				<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-no-proof: yes">
						<o:p>
						</o:p>
				</span>
		</p>
		<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align="left">对不起，由于一时疏忽，把两个版本的程序贴成同一个了，十分抱歉，谢谢您的提醒，现更正如下：<br /></p>
		<div style="BORDER-RIGHT: #cccccc 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; BORDER-TOP: #cccccc 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 4px; FONT-SIZE: 13px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 4px; BORDER-LEFT: #cccccc 1px solid; WIDTH: 98%; WORD-BREAK: break-all; PADDING-TOP: 4px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #cccccc 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #eeeeee">
				<img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif" align="top" />
				<span style="COLOR: #000000">#include </span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000">iostream</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000">&gt;</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000">
						<br />
						<img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif" align="top" />
				</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">using</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span>
				<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">namespace</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000"> std;<br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif" align="top" /><br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif" align="top" /></span>
				<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">void</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000"> hanoi(</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">int</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000"> n)<br /><img id="Codehighlighter1_60_627_Open_Image" onclick="this.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_60_627_Open_Text.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_60_627_Closed_Image.style.display='inline'; Codehighlighter1_60_627_Closed_Text.style.display='inline';" src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" align="top" /><img id="Codehighlighter1_60_627_Closed_Image" style="DISPLAY: none" onclick="this.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_60_627_Closed_Text.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_60_627_Open_Image.style.display='inline'; Codehighlighter1_60_627_Open_Text.style.display='inline';" src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" align="top" /></span>
				<span id="Codehighlighter1_60_627_Closed_Text" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #808080 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #808080 1px solid; DISPLAY: none; BORDER-LEFT: #808080 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #808080 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff">
						<img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/dot.gif" />
				</span>
				<span id="Codehighlighter1_60_627_Open_Text">
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">{<br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />     </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">int</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> i, j, f </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">=</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">1</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">;<br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />     </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">int</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> a </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">=</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">1</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">, b </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">=</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> (n</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">%</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">2</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">)</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">?</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">3</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">:</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">2</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">;<br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />     cout </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;&lt;</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> f </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;&lt;</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">"</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> from </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">"</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;&lt;</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">char</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">(</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">'</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">A</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">'</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">-</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">1</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">+</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> a) </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;&lt;</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">"</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> to </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">"</span> <span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span> <br /><span style="COLOR: #000000">                &lt;&lt;</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #0000ff">char</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">(</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">'</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">A</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">'</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">-</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">1</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">+</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> b) </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;&lt;</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> endl;<br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />     </span><span style="COLOR: #0000ff">for</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">(n </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">=</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> (</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">1</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;&lt;</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">n) </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">-</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">1</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">, i </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">=</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">1</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">; i </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> n; i </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">+=</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">2</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">)<br /><img id="Codehighlighter1_256_625_Open_Image" onclick="this.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_256_625_Open_Text.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_256_625_Closed_Image.style.display='inline'; Codehighlighter1_256_625_Closed_Text.style.display='inline';" src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockStart.gif" align="top" /><img id="Codehighlighter1_256_625_Closed_Image" style="DISPLAY: none" onclick="this.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_256_625_Closed_Text.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_256_625_Open_Image.style.display='inline'; Codehighlighter1_256_625_Open_Text.style.display='inline';" src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedSubBlock.gif" align="top" />     </span><span id="Codehighlighter1_256_625_Closed_Text" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #808080 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #808080 1px solid; DISPLAY: none; BORDER-LEFT: #808080 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #808080 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff"><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/dot.gif" /></span><span id="Codehighlighter1_256_625_Open_Text"><span style="COLOR: #000000">{<br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />           </span><span style="COLOR: #0000ff">for</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">(f </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">=</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">1</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">, j </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">=</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> i; j</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">%</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">2</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">; j</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">/=</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">2</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">, f</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">++</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">);<br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />           </span><span style="COLOR: #0000ff">if</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">(f</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">%</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">2</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">)<br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />                  a </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">^=</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> b;<br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />           b </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">^=</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> a;<br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />           cout </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;&lt;</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> f </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;&lt;</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">"</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> from </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">"</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;&lt;</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #0000ff">char</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">(</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">'</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">A</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">'</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">-</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">1</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">+</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> a) </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;&lt;</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">"</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> to </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">"</span> <span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><br /><span style="COLOR: #000000">                      &lt;&lt;</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #0000ff">char</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">(</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">'</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">A</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">'</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">-</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">1</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">+</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> b) </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;&lt;</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> endl;<br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />           a </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">^=</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> b;<br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />           </span><span style="COLOR: #0000ff">if</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">(f</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">%</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">2</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">)<br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />                  b </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">^=</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> a;<br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />           cout </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;&lt;</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> f </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;&lt;</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">"</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> from </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">"</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;&lt;</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #0000ff">char</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">(</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">'</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">A</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">'</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">-</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">1</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">+</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> a) </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;&lt;</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">"</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> to </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">"</span> <span style="COLOR: #000000"> <br />                     </span> <span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;&lt;</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #0000ff">char</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">(</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">'</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">A</span><span style="COLOR: #000000">'</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">-</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">1</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">+</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> b) </span><span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;&lt;</span><span style="COLOR: #000000"> endl;<br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedSubBlockEnd.gif" align="top" />     }</span></span><span style="COLOR: #000000"><br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockEnd.gif" align="top" />}</span></span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000">
						<br />
						<img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif" align="top" />
						<br />
						<img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif" align="top" />
				</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">int</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000"> main()<br /><img id="Codehighlighter1_641_751_Open_Image" onclick="this.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_641_751_Open_Text.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_641_751_Closed_Image.style.display='inline'; Codehighlighter1_641_751_Closed_Text.style.display='inline';" src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" align="top" /><img id="Codehighlighter1_641_751_Closed_Image" style="DISPLAY: none" onclick="this.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_641_751_Closed_Text.style.display='none'; Codehighlighter1_641_751_Open_Image.style.display='inline'; Codehighlighter1_641_751_Open_Text.style.display='inline';" src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" align="top" /></span>
				<span id="Codehighlighter1_641_751_Closed_Text" style="BORDER-RIGHT: #808080 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #808080 1px solid; DISPLAY: none; BORDER-LEFT: #808080 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #808080 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff">
						<img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/dot.gif" />
				</span>
				<span id="Codehighlighter1_641_751_Open_Text">
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">{<br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />    </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">int</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> n;<br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />    cout </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">&lt;&lt;</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">"</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">input n: </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">"</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">;<br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />    cin </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">&gt;&gt;</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> n;<br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />    hanoi(n);</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">
								<br />
								<img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/InBlock.gif" align="top" />    </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #0000ff">return</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000"> </span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">0</span>
						<span style="COLOR: #000000">;<br /><img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockEnd.gif" align="top" />}</span>
				</span>
				<span style="COLOR: #000000">
						<br />
						<img src="http://www.cppblog.com/images/OutliningIndicators/None.gif" align="top" />
				</span>
		</div>
		<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align="left">
				<br /> </p>
<img src ="http://www.cppblog.com/mahudu/aggbug/9200.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cppblog.com/mahudu/" target="_blank">mahudu@cppblog</a> 2006-06-29 22:07 <a href="http://www.cppblog.com/mahudu/archive/2006/06/29/9200.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item><item><title>转:快速平方根（平方根倒数）算法</title><link>http://www.cppblog.com/mahudu/archive/2006/06/16/8649.html</link><dc:creator>mahudu@cppblog</dc:creator><author>mahudu@cppblog</author><pubDate>Fri, 16 Jun 2006 15:12:00 GMT</pubDate><guid>http://www.cppblog.com/mahudu/archive/2006/06/16/8649.html</guid><wfw:comment>http://www.cppblog.com/mahudu/comments/8649.html</wfw:comment><comments>http://www.cppblog.com/mahudu/archive/2006/06/16/8649.html#Feedback</comments><slash:comments>1</slash:comments><wfw:commentRss>http://www.cppblog.com/mahudu/comments/commentRss/8649.html</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.cppblog.com/mahudu/services/trackbacks/8649.html</trackback:ping><description><![CDATA[
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				<br />日前在书上看到一段使用多项式逼近计算平方根的代码，至今都没搞明白作者是怎样推<br />算出那个公式的。但在尝试解决问题的过程中，学到了不少东西，于是便有了这篇心<br />得，写出来和大家共享。其中有错漏的地方，还请大家多多指教。<br /><br />的确，正如许多人所说的那样，现在有有FPU，有3DNow，有SIMD，讨论软件算法好像不<br />合时宜。关于sqrt的话题其实早在2003年便已在 GameDev.net上得到了广泛的讨论（可<br />见我实在非常火星了，当然不排除还有其他尚在冥王星的人，嘿嘿）。而尝试探究该话<br />题则完全是出于本人的兴趣和好奇心（换句话说就是无知）。<br /><br />我只是个beginner，所以这种大是大非的问题我也说不清楚（在GameDev.net上也有很多<br />类似的争论）。但无论如何，Carmack在DOOM3中还是使用了软件算法，而多知道一点数<br />学知识对3D编程来说也只有好处没坏处。3D图形编程其实就是数学，数学，还是数学。<br /><br />文章原本是用HTML编排的，所以只截取了部分有比较有趣的东西放在这里。原文在我的<br />个人主页上，同时也提供了2篇论文的下载：http:<br />//greatsorcerer.go2.icpcn.com/info/fastsqrt.html<br /><br />=========================================================<br /><br />在3D图形编程中，经常要求平方根或平方根的倒数，例如：求向量的长度或将向量归一<br />化。C数学函数库中的sqrt具有理想的精度，但对于3D游戏程式来说速度太慢。我们希望<br />能够在保证足够的精度的同时，进一步提高速度。<br /><br />Carmack在QUAKE3中使用了下面的算法，它第一次在公众场合出现的时候，几乎震住了所<br />有的人。据说该算法其实并不是Carmack发明的，它真正的作者是Nvidia的Gary Tarolli<br />（未经证实）。<br /><font color="#0000ff">－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－<br />//<br />// 计算参数x的平方根的倒数<br />//<br />float InvSqrt (float x)<br />{<br />float xhalf = 0.5f*x;<br />int i = *(int*)&amp;x;<br />i = 0x5f3759df - (i &gt;&gt; 1); // 计算第一个近似根<br />x = *(float*)&amp;i;<br />x = x*(1.5f - xhalf*x*x); // 牛顿迭代法<br />return x;<br />}<br />－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－</font><br />该算法的本质其实就是牛顿迭代法（Newton-Raphson Method，简称NR），而NR的基础则<br />是泰勒级数（Taylor Series）。NR是一种求方程的近似根的方法。首先要估计一个与方<br />程的根比较靠近的数值，然后根据公式推算下一个更加近似的数值，不断重复直到可以<br />获得满意的精度。其公式如下：<br />－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－<br />函数：y=f(x)<br />其一阶导数为：y'=f'(x)<br />则方程：f(x)=0 的第n+1个近似根为<br />x[n+1] = x[n] - f(x[n]) / f'(x[n])<br />－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－<br />NR最关键的地方在于估计第一个近似根。如果该近似根与真根足够靠近的话，那么只需<br />要少数几次迭代，就可以得到满意的解。<br /><br />现在回过头来看看如何利用牛顿法来解决我们的问题。求平方根的倒数，实际就是求方<br />程1/(x^2)-a=0的解。将该方程按牛顿迭代法的公式展开为：<br />x[n+1]=1/2*x[n]*(3-a*x[n]*x[n])<br />将1/2放到括号里面，就得到了上面那个函数的倒数第二行。<br /><br />接着，我们要设法估计第一个近似根。这也是上面的函数最神奇的地方。它通过某种方<br />法算出了一个与真根非常接近的近似根，因此它只需要使用一次迭代过程就获得了较满<br />意的解。它是怎样做到的呢？所有的奥妙就在于这一行：<br />i = 0x5f3759df - (i &gt;&gt; 1); // 计算第一个近似根<br /><br />超级莫名其妙的语句，不是吗？但仔细想一下的话，还是可以理解的。我们知道，IEEE<br />标准下，float类型的数据在32位系统上是这样表示的（大体来说就是这样，但省略了很<br />多细节，有兴趣可以GOOGLE）：<br />－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－<br />bits：31 30 ... 0<br />31：符号位<br />30-23：共8位，保存指数（E）<br />22-0：共23位，保存尾数（M）<br />－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－<br />所以，32位的浮点数用十进制实数表示就是：M*2^E。开根然后倒数就是：M^(-1/2)*2^<br />(-E/2)。现在就十分清晰了。语句i&gt; &gt;1其工作就是将指数除以2，实现2^(E/2)的部分。<br />而前面用一个常数减去它，目的就是得到M^(1/2)同时反转所有指数的符号。<br /><br />至于那个0x5f3759df，呃，我只能说，的确是一个超级的Magic Number。<br /><br />那个Magic Number是可以推导出来的，但我并不打算在这里讨论，因为实在太繁琐了。<br />简单来说，其原理如下：因为IEEE的浮点数中，尾数M省略了最前面的1，所以实际的尾<br />数是1+M。如果你在大学上数学课没有打瞌睡的话，那么当你看到(1+M)^(-1/2)这样的形<br />式时，应该会马上联想的到它的泰勒级数展开，而该展开式的第一项就是常数。下面给<br />出简单的推导过程：<br />－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－<br />对于实数R&gt;0，假设其在IEEE的浮点表示中，<br />指数为E，尾数为M，则：<br /><br />R^(-1/2)<br />= (1+M)^(-1/2) * 2^(-E/2)<br /><br />将(1+M)^(-1/2)按泰勒级数展开，取第一项，得：<br /><br />原式<br />= (1-M/2) * 2^(-E/2)<br />= 2^(-E/2) - (M/2) * 2^(-E/2)<br /><br />如果不考虑指数的符号的话，<br />(M/2)*2^(E/2)正是(R&gt;&gt;1)，<br />而在IEEE表示中，指数的符号只需简单地加上一个偏移即可，<br />而式子的前半部分刚好是个常数，所以原式可以转化为：<br /><br />原式 = C - (M/2)*2^(E/2) = C - (R&gt;&gt;1)，其中C为常数<br /><br />所以只需要解方程：<br />R^(-1/2)<br />= (1+M)^(-1/2) * 2^(-E/2)<br />= C - (R&gt;&gt;1)<br />求出令到相对误差最小的C值就可以了<br />－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－<br />上面的推导过程只是我个人的理解，并未得到证实。而Chris Lomont则在他的论文中详<br />细讨论了最后那个方程的解法，并尝试在实际的机器上寻找最佳的常数C。有兴趣的朋友<br />可以在文末找到他的论文的链接。<br /><br />所以，所谓的Magic Number，并不是从N元宇宙的某个星系由于时空扭曲而掉到地球上<br />的，而是几百年前就有的数学理论。只要熟悉NR和泰勒级数，你我同样有能力作出类似<br />的优化。<br /><br />在GameDev.net 上有人做过测试，该函数的相对误差约为0.177585%，速度比C标准库的<br />sqrt提高超过20%。如果增加一次迭代过程，相对误差可以降低到e- 004 的级数，但速<br />度也会降到和sqrt差不多。据说在DOOM3中，Carmack通过查找表进一步优化了该算法，<br />精度近乎完美，而且速度也比原版提高了一截（正在努力弄源码，谁有发我一份）。<br /><br />值得注意的是，在Chris Lomont的演算中，理论上最优秀的常数（精度最高）是<br />0x5f37642f，并且在实际测试中，如果只使用一次迭代的话，其效果也是最好的。但奇<br />怪的是，经过两次NR后，在该常数下解的精度将降低得非常厉害（天知道是怎么回<br />事！）。经过实际的测试，Chris Lomont认为，最优秀的常数是0x5f375a86。如果换成<br />64位的double版本的话，算法还是一样的，而最优常数则为 0x5fe6ec85e7de30da（又一<br />个令人冒汗的Magic Number - -b）。<br /><br />这个算法依赖于浮点数的内部表示和字节顺序，所以是不具移植性的。如果放到Mac上跑<br />就会挂掉。如果想具备可移植性，还是乖乖用sqrt好了。但算法思想是通用的。大家可<br />以尝试推算一下相应的平方根算法。<br /><br />下面给出Carmack在QUAKE3中使用的平方根算法。Carmack已经将QUAKE3的所有源代码捐<br />给开源了，所以大家可以放心使用，不用担心会受到律师信。<br /><font color="#0000ff">－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－<br />//<br />// Carmack在QUAKE3中使用的计算平方根的函数<br />//<br />float CarmSqrt(float x){<br />union{<br />int intPart;<br />float floatPart;<br />} convertor;<br />union{<br />int intPart;<br />float floatPart;<br />} convertor2;<br />convertor.floatPart = x;<br />convertor2.floatPart = x;<br />convertor.intPart = 0x1FBCF800 + (convertor.intPart &gt;&gt; 1);<br />convertor2.intPart = 0x5f3759df - (convertor2.intPart &gt;&gt; 1);<br />return 0.5f*(convertor.floatPart + (x * convertor2.floatPart));<br />}</font></pre>
<img src ="http://www.cppblog.com/mahudu/aggbug/8649.html" width = "1" height = "1" /><br><br><div align=right><a style="text-decoration:none;" href="http://www.cppblog.com/mahudu/" target="_blank">mahudu@cppblog</a> 2006-06-16 23:12 <a href="http://www.cppblog.com/mahudu/archive/2006/06/16/8649.html#Feedback" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none;">发表评论</a></div>]]></description></item></channel></rss>