• There is no easy way for constructors to signal errors, short of using exceptions (which are forbidden).
• If the work fails, we now have an object whose initialization code failed, so it may be an indeterminate state.
• If the work calls virtual functions, these calls will not get dispatched to the subclass implementations. Future modification to your class can quietly introduce this problem even if your class is not currently subclassed, causing much confusion.
• If someone creates a global variable of this type (which is against the rules, but still), the constructor code will be called before main(), possibly breaking some implicit assumptions in the constructor code. For instance, gflags will not yet have been initialized.

• When you add a throw statement to an existing function, you must examine all of its transitive callers. Either they must make at least the basic exception safety guarantee, or they must never catch the exception and be happy with the program terminating as a result. For instance, if f() calls g() calls h(), and h throws an exception that f catches, g has to be careful or it may not clean up properly.
• More generally, exceptions make the control flow of programs difficult to evaluate by looking at code: functions may return in places you don't expect. This results maintainability and debugging difficulties. You can minimize this cost via some rules on how and where exceptions can be used, but at the cost of more that a developer needs to know and understand.
• Exception safety requires both RAII and different coding practices. Lots of supporting machinery is needed to make writing correct exception-safe code easy. Further, to avoid requiring readers to understand the entire call graph, exception-safe code must isolate logic that writes to persistent state into a "commit" phase. This will have both benefits and costs (perhaps where you're forced to obfuscate code to isolate the commit). Allowing exceptions would force us to always pay those costs even when they're not worth it.
• Turning on exceptions adds data to each binary produced, increasing compile time (probably slightly) and possibly increasing address space pressure.
• The availability of exceptions may encourage developers to throw them when they are not appropriate or recover from them when it's not safe to do so. For example, invalid user input should not cause exceptions to be thrown. We would need to make the style guide even longer to document these restrictions!

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

//一段代码

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif

        这样的代码到底是什么意思呢?首先,__cplusplus是cpp中的自定义宏,那么定义了这个宏的话表示这是一段cpp的代码,也就是说,上面的代码的含义是:如果这是一段cpp的代码,那么加入extern "C"{和}处理其中的代码.

        要明白为何使用extern "C",还得从cpp中对函数的重载处理开始说起.在c++中,为了支持重载机制,在编译生成的汇编码中,要对函数的名字进行一些处理,加入比如函数的返回类型等等.而在C中,只是简单的函数名字而已,不会加入其他的信息.也就是说:C++和C对产生的函数名字的处理是不一样的.

         比如下面的一段简单的函数,我们看看加入和不加入extern "C"产生的汇编代码都有哪些变化:

int f(void)
{
    return 1;
}

       在加入extern "C"的时候产生的汇编代码是:

    .file    "test.cxx"
    .text
    .align 2
.globl _f
    .def    _f;    .scl    2;    .type    32;    .endef
_f:
    pushl    %ebp
    movl    %esp, %ebp
    movl    $1, %eax
    popl    %ebp
    ret

但是不加入了extern "C"之后

 .file "test.cxx"
 .text
 .align 2
.globl __Z1fv
 .def __Z1fv; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef
__Z1fv:
 pushl %ebp
 movl %esp, %ebp
 movl $1, %eax
 popl %ebp
 ret

        两段汇编代码同样都是使用gcc -S命令产生的,所有的地方都是一样的,
唯独是产生的函数名,一个是_f,一个是__Z1fv.

        OK,明白了加入与不加入extern "C"之后对函数名称产生的影响,我们继续我们的讨论:为什么需要使用extern "C"呢?
        C++之父在设计C++之时,考虑到当时已经存在了大量的C代码,为了支持原来的C代码和已经写好C库,需要在C++中尽可能的支持C,而extern "C"就是其中的一个策略.

       试想这样的情况:一个库文件已经用C写好了而且运行得很良好,这个时候我们需要使用这个库文件,但是我们需要使用C++来写这个新的代码.如果这个代码使用的是C++的方式链接这个C库文件的话,那么就会出现链接错误.我们来看一段代码:首先,我们使用C的处理方式来写一个函数,也就是说假设这个函数当时是用C写成的:

//f1.c
extern "C"
{
void f1()
{
    return;
}
}

编译命令是:gcc -c f1.c -o f1.o   产生了一个叫f1.o的库文件.
再写一段代码调用这个f1函数:

// test.cxx
//这个extern表示f1函数在别的地方定义,这样可以通过
//编译,但是链接的时候还是需要
//链接上原来的库文件.
extern void f1();

int main()
{
    f1();

    return 0;
}

通过gcc -c  test.cxx -o test.o 产生一个叫test.o的文件.
然后,我们使用gcc test.o f1.o来链接两个文件,可是出错了,错误的提示是:
test.o(.text + 0x1f):test.cxx: undefine reference to 'f1()'
也就是说,在编译test.cxx的时候编译器是使用C++的方式来处理f1()函数的,但是实际上链接的库文件却是用C的方式来处理函数的,所以就会出现链接过不去的错误:因为链接器找不到函数.
      因此,为了在C++代码中调用用C写成的库文件,就需要用extern "C"来告诉编译器:这是一个用C写成的库文件,请用C的方式来链接它们.
      比如,现在我们有了一个C库文件,它的头文件是f.h,产生的lib文件是f.lib,那么我们如果要在C++中使用这个库文件,我们需要这样写:

extern "C"
{
#include "f.h"
}

回到上面的问题,如果要改正链接错误,我们需要这样子改写test.cxx:

extern "C"
{
extern void f1();
}

int main()
{
    f1();

    return 0;
}

重新编译并且链接就可以过去了.

总结:C和C++对函数的处理方式是不同的.extern "C"是使C++能够调用C写作的库文件的一个手段,如果要对编译器提示使用C的方式来处理函数的话,那么就要使用extern "C"来说明.