You already know how to use placement new to allocate a single object on a predetermined memory address. However, some programming tasks require the allocation of arrays on a predetermined memory address. Here's how you do it.

Placement new Overview

Mobile devices, embedded systems and custom garbage collectors are only a few instances of programming environments that may require placement new allocation of arrays. Before I discuss the details of such array allocations, let's remind ourselves briefly how scalar (i.e. non-array) placement new works.

The scalar version of placement new takes a user-supplied address on which it constructs a single object. Unlike the ordinary version of the new operator, placement new doesn't allocate storage for the object; it merely constructs the object on the memory address you provide:

To destroy widget you first have to invoke its destructor explicitly:

Next, reclaim the raw memory like this:

Array Allocation

Allocating arrays with placement new follows the same steps more or less, but you have to pay attention to additional nuances. Here is a step-by-step guide:

First, allocate a buffer large enough to hold an array of the desired type:

Don't be tempted to calculate the size manually; always use sizeof to ensure that the buffer is properly aligned and has the right size.

Next, construct an array of ARRSIZE objects on the buffer using placement new[] :

You can now use the allocated array as usual:

for (int i=0; i<ARRSIZE; i++)
{
 widgets[i].Draw();
}
Make sure that your target class --
Widget in this example -- has a public default constructor. Otherwise, it would be impossible to create arrays thereof.

Destroying the Array

To destroy such an array allocated by placement new you have to call the destructor for each element explicitly:

The while -loop uses a descending order to preserve the canonical destruction order of C++ -- the object that was constructed last must be destroyed first. To comply with this requirement, the element with the highest index is destroyed first.

Finally, you release the raw memory on which the array resided by calling delete[] :

delete[] buf;

Performance Tuning

The array placement new has a potential performance problem: it initializes every element in the array unconditionally. If your app deals with large arrays, this isn't the most efficient way. In some apps only a portion of the array is actually used, and in other apps the elements are assigned a different value immediately after their construction. In these cases, you want to postpone, or even completely avoid, the automatic initialization of array elements. To avoid the initialization of placement new arrays, follow the following steps:

As before, begin with an allocation of a raw buffer with the appropriate size. This time however, use the global operator new instead of the new operator:

Widget * warr=
static_cast<Widget*> (::operator new ( sizeof(Widget)* ARRSIZE));

The global operator new , very much like C's malloc() , merely allocates raw bytes of memory from the free-store, without initializing them. It returns void * rather than Widget* which is why you need to cast the result explicitly.

At this stage, warr is a pointer to raw memory. You can't access its elements because they haven't been initialized yet. To initialize individual elements, call placement new once more, for each element you want initialized:

void assign(Widget arr[], size_t & sz,  const Widget& init)
{
    new (&arr[sz++]) Widget (init); //invoke copy ctor
}

assign() passes the address of an individual element to placement new which in turn invokes Widget 's copy constructor. The copy-constructor initializes that element with init . Using this technique, you can initialize elements selectively, leaving the rest of the array uninitialized.

To destroy such an array, invoke the destructor of every initialized object. Then call the global operator delete to reclaim the raw storage:

void destroy(Widget arr[], size_t & sz)
{
    while (sz)
    {
        arr[--sz].~Widget();//destroy all initialized elements
    }
     ::operator delete (arr); //reclaim raw storage
}

Summary

The techniques I've presented here are bug prone. Therefore, they should be encapsulated in higher-level classes that hide the implementation details from users. These techniques aren't rarely-used as they might seem. STL allocators use them under the hood to avoid object initialization and minimize reallocations.

NULL is to be used for pointers only since it may be defined as ((void *)0), this would cause problems with anything but pointers.

0 can be used anywhere, it is the generic symbol for each type's zero value and the compiler will sort things out.

'\0' should be used only in a character context.

nul is not defined in C or C++, it shouldn't be used unless you define it yourself in a suitable manner, like: